To achieve true autonomous driving, V2X is what connects the car with everything around it, and C-V2X is one of the more promising ones.
In recent years, autonomous driving has become more and more popular in the automotive industry. Both new and old forces are working hard on autonomous driving as the direction of future automobile development.
Old drivers know that when driving, they should look as far as possible to allow more time to react when something happens on the road ahead.
Even if equipped with an environment sensing system composed of cameras, ultrasonic radar, millimeter wave radar, lidar and many other equipment, the field of view of autonomous vehicles is not much farther than that of the human eye, and various sensors have limitations, such as cameras. It is easily affected by the intensity of light. Lidar is afraid of bad weather and smoke and dust, and millimeter wave radar is afraid of high humidity such as rain and fog.
These sensors are only an enhancement of the human line of sight, and are also used in the current popular ADAS system. They can play a great role when the driver is distracted. However, these sensors are powerless for places outside the human line of sight.
In this case, there must be other facilities to support it. As an integral part of the intelligent transportation system engineering, autonomous vehicles can realize true autonomous driving only after they are connected with other traffic participants and realize real-time interaction. The Internet of Vehicles connects all of this. , Which is V2X, Vehicle To Everything.
V2X route battle
V2X has laid a new direction for the development of automotive technology by integrating GPS navigation technology, vehicle-to-vehicle communication technology, wireless communication and remote sensing technology. It can realize the information interaction between the vehicle and all other entities to obtain real-time road conditions. , Road information, pedestrian information and a series of traffic information to improve driving safety and traffic efficiency.
There are currently two solutions in the industry for the research and development of V2X: DSRC (dedicated short range communication) and C-V2X (Cellular-Vehicle To Everything). Both technologies are designed to operate on the 5.9 GHz ITS frequency band, and both can work independently of cellular wireless networks.
DSRC is based on IEEE802.11p and developed from the Wi-Fi wireless local area network standard. The United States took the lead in allocating the 75MHz spectrum in the 5.9GHz frequency band in 1999, guiding enterprises and industries to develop direct communication technology for vehicles and vehicles in this frequency band. To avoid traffic accidents. In 2008, IEEE and SAE jointly formulated the DSRC standard.
DSRC started early and has been confirmed as a V2V standard by the US Department of Transportation. The European Union's collaborative intelligent transportation system and Japan's V2X are also based on DSRC. But the performance of DSRC is not very stable, so it has been in the testing stage.
In 2014, the United States organized several large-scale field tests of DSRC, and it took three years to verify whether this technology can improve traffic and avoid traffic accidents when it is put on cars. The results are exciting. DSRC can indeed reduce the accident, especially fatal accident rate, to 1/7 of the original.
But everyone also found that the improved DSRC technology based on Wi-Fi is too old. Although the industry, including Qualcomm, has done a lot of work on DSRC enhancement, once the moving speed increases, especially when it reaches 200 km/h, the DSRC signal will attenuate. Very fast, so it is not suitable for high-speed scenes.
C-V2X is based on cellular technology, which is a communication technology designed for high-speed mobile applications and is specifically optimized for automotive applications. C-V2X provides sufficient technical support for high data volume information sharing, including broadband carrier support, ultra-low latency and high reliability, etc., and all functions can be implemented based on the cellular modem built into the new car, including The practical application experience of 802.11p and the basic progress of wireless communication. In June 2017, 3GPP completed the first version of the standard.
C-V2X current key indicators: transmission bandwidth can be extended to 100MHz, peak rate of 500Mbps uplink, 1Gbps downlink, user plane delay ≤10ms, control plane delay ≤50ms, support vehicle speed 500km/h, and the coverage is similar to LTE.
C-V2X includes V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-vehicle), V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-infrastructure), V2P (vehicle-to-pedestrian, vehicle-pedestrian) direct communication, as well as V2N (vehicle-to-network, car-Internet), can well adapt to different application scenarios.
V2N is what we are familiar with or are using. It connects to a cloud server through a mobile network and uses the navigation, entertainment, anti-theft and other application functions provided by the cloud server. With the advent of 5G, its functions will continue to be enhanced.
The V2V, V2I, and V2P in C-V2X use direct communication between devices, just like our usual mobile phones, without relying on the assistance or coverage of the cellular network, it can support real-time secure information exchange, thereby providing expansion Communication range and enhanced reliability.
V2V refers to the communication between cars, communicating information with each other within a certain distance. With the full sharing of information, V2V can effectively enhance the functions of ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System), helping nearby vehicles to plan their driving behavior and routes more actively, and avoid accidents.
V2I refers to the communication of information between vehicles and infrastructure. I stands for Infrastructure, which refers to roadside infrastructure, including signal lights, speed limit signs, etc. With V2I, the information of these speed limit signs will be "broadcasted" when the vehicle passes through the speed limit change section. If your car can receive relevant prompts, you will not be inexplicably deducted points.
V2P refers to the communication of information between vehicles and pedestrians or non-motorized vehicles on the road. Not long ago, an Uber self-driving test vehicle in the United States killed a pedestrian crossing the road. If the lady is wearing a V2P (vehicle-pedestrian) device, when crossing the road, a message can be played to remind passing vehicles that are also equipped with C-V2X, thus avoiding accidents.
Advantages of C-V2X over DSRC
At the recent Qualcomm C-V2X Technology Media Salon, Dr. Li Yan, Senior Director of Qualcomm Technology Standards, introduced to reporters:
C-V2X is more suitable for high-speed moving scenes. Reliable communication, reliable information transmission, and reliable early warning can still be achieved at a relative speed of up to 500 km/h. However, when the speed of DSRC reaches 200 km/h, the signal attenuation will be very fast.
The effective distance range of C-V2X communication can reach more than twice that of DSRC. Therefore, C-V2X is also favored by railway systems, hoping to use this technology to support direct railway applications in the 5.9GHz frequency band.
C-V2X has higher security performance and is more consistent. Because it continues the certification system architecture of the cellular mobile network, when the minimum performance certification is guaranteed, all car manufacturers can achieve interconnection and interoperability as long as the products are on the road as long as the minimum performance requirements are met, so that the entire ecosystem can be established.
C-V2X can well adapt to the upcoming 5G new air interface features, providing high throughput, broadband carrier support, ultra-low latency and high reliability for autonomous driving and advanced applications.
If you want to do a truly fully automatic driving, not only your own car is very capable, but the surrounding vehicles also need to be aware. The solution of C-V2X is to allow vehicles to share the real-time perception of the situation, so that those vehicles that are not equipped with advanced sensors can understand the condition of the entire road through broadcasting, making the entire road more predictable and achieving more reliable automation. drive.
Another important advantage of C-V2X is cost-effectiveness. DSRC networking needs to build a large number of Road Side Units (RSU, Road Side Unit), the cost of new base station equipment is relatively high, and the cost of hardware products is relatively high. And C-V2X can be integrated in existing cellular base stations. Today China has a large number of base stations. After 5G comes, the number of base stations will increase. Therefore, we can transform the base stations and add C-V2X infrastructure to achieve the best deployment cost.
On the terminal side, C-V2X can integrate LTE and V2X related chips and install them in the T-box to form a unified connectivity solution. A large number of vehicles without front-mounted C-V2X equipment can be connected to the C-V2X car network by installing a T-box. From this perspective, the cost is also the best.
C-V2X's international development
The C-V2X industry chain mainly includes communication chips, communication modules, terminals and equipment, vehicle manufacturing, solutions, testing and verification, and operations and services. This includes chip manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, OEMs, solution providers, Many participants such as telecom operators.
If considering the realization of a complete C-V2X application, a number of industrial support links are also required, including scientific research institutes, standard organizations, investment institutions, and related technologies and industries.
The 3GPP R14 version standard supporting LTE-V2X was officially released in 2017; the 3GPP R15 version standard supporting LTE-V2X enhancement (LTE-eV2X) was officially completed in June 2018; the 3GPP R16+ version standard supporting 5G-V2X was announced on The study started in June 2018 and will form a complementary relationship with the previous standards.
C-V2X has gained support from a wide range of automotive ecosystems due to its technological updates and the advantages of being more suitable for high-speed mobility, including the fast-growing global industry organization-the 5G Automotive Alliance (5GAA).
Its founding members include three German car companies (Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW), as well as five communications companies including Qualcomm and Ericsson. At the beginning of 2017, there were more than 70 members, and now there are nearly 100 member companies. The world's leading auto companies, telecom operators, road operators, component manufacturers, and module manufacturers are all in this organization.
The development of C-V2X in my country
In 2015, my country initiated the research on the Internet of Vehicles spectrum based on C-V2X technology. In November 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology officially allocated 5905-5925MHz for the C-V2X technology test, and passed Beijing-Baoding, Chongqing, Zhejiang, Jilin, Hubei, Shanghai Car networking demonstration areas such as Wuxi and Wuxi carried out testing and experimental verification.
In November 2016, Datang released C-V2X vehicle terminal and roadside communication test equipment based on its self-developed chip-level solution.
Huawei launched a C-V2X-enabled vehicle terminal prototype in 2016, and at the 2018 World Mobile Congress in Shanghai, it interpreted the C-V2X Internet of Vehicles strategy for the first time, and released the first commercial C-V2X solution RSU (Roadside Unit). ).
At the end of 2017, China's LTE-V2X related standards were basically completed, including LTE-V2X architecture, spectrum, air interface, network layer and application layer, security, etc.
On January 5, 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission announced the "Smart Car Innovative Development Strategy" for soliciting comments. By 2020, the proportion of new smart cars will reach 50%, and the coverage of LTE-V2X in large cities and highways will reach 90%, and Beidou is high. Accurate space-time services will achieve full coverage. By 2025, 5G-V2X will basically meet the needs of smart car development and other related requirements.
At the end of June 2018, the China Institute of Information and Communications Technology, a subsidiary of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, published the "C-V2X White Paper" compiled by the IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group on its official website.
In terms of communication chip development, Datang Telecom has released LTE-V2X test chip modules in PC5 Mode 4 mode; Huawei has also released Balong 765, a multi-mode 4.5G LTE modem chip that supports LTE-V2X.
In terms of communication modules, chip companies such as Datang and Huawei will provide communication modules based on their respective chips; ZTE also plans to release LTE-V2X test modules based on Qualcomm chips in 2018; Shanghai Quectel also plans to launch Communication module based on Qualcomm 9150 chip.
In terms of terminals and equipment, companies such as Datang, Huawei, Neusoft, Nebulas, Qianfang Technology, Autonet, Wanji Technology, etc. can provide OBU and RSU communication terminal products that support LTE-V2X.
In terms of communication base stations, Huawei has launched LTE-V2X base stations for testing. ZTE will provide LTE-V2X base stations for testing in 2018. Shanghai Nokia Bell will also provide LTE+MEC base station products to support V2I applications.
China FAW, SAIC, Jianghuai Automobile, Zotye Automobile, Great Wall Motor, etc. have realized LTE-V2V, V2I, V2P applications, and conducted demonstration demonstrations in cooperation with Neusoft, Datang, ALPS, and China. Zotye New Energy Automobile is building an unmanned driving solution for small towns that integrates LTE-V2X applications and ADAS technology.
Commercialization prospects of C-V2X
So far, there is no commercial DSRC system in the world, except for some local deployments in Japan. The DSRC technology has been developed for many years, but long time does not mean maturity.
Although the C-V2X standard was only completed in June 2017, the industry has undergone tremendous changes in the past year. Qualcomm and other chip manufacturers have cooperated with host manufacturers and component manufacturers to do a lot of testing and verification around the world.
According to Qualcomm's estimates, by the end of 2019 and early 2020, production vehicles supporting C-V2X will be launched on the market. If you consider the development cycle of the automotive industry, start development now, and produce in two to three years. Basically, the time for DSRC and C-V2X to go on the market is basically the same from a commercial point of view.
C-V2X is currently the only V2X technology that follows the global 3GPP standards and supports continuous evolution to achieve forward compatibility with 5G; from the technology proposal, the automotive industry and the transportation industry have been obtained, including the fast-growing 5G automotive alliance in Extensive support within the global automotive ecosystem.
my country has the world’s largest LTE network. Chinese companies have led the development of some C-V2X standards in 3GPP and research on subsequent evolution technologies. C-V2X based on cellular networks can be reused with current 4G and future 5G networks. The deployment cost is low. These factors make C-V2X the preferred solution for China's Internet of Vehicles.
However, the deployment of C-V2X is a very large system project involving many industries and enterprises. There are still many problems to be solved, including the balance of interests of all parties, and technology, regulations, policies, business models, and so on. The real effect of C-V2X requires the joint efforts of many parties. Although the road is tortuous, we believe that the future of C-V2X is bright.
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