With the development of VLSI in the VLSI, the integrated circuit IC is embedded in a card similar to a credit card, called an IC card ; and then the MCU is embedded in it, which is called a smart card, a smart card or a smart card (Smard Card). . Therefore, the IC card can also be called a card type single chip microcomputer.
IC cards can be roughly classified into the following four types according to their structure and application characteristics:
1. storage card
A memory card replaces a magnetic strip of a magnetic card with a semiconductor memory, and functions like a magnetic card. The integrated circuits in the memory card may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EE PROM, and RAM (with battery). Due to the development and wide application of the electrically rewritable E2 PROM, the memory card containing the Ez PROM is the development direction of the memory card. Memory cards can be combined with simple passwords, so reliability and confidentiality are higher than magnetic cards. Figure 1 - 111 is a block diagram of a 256-byte E2 PROM memory card PCB2032/42.
The memory card contains 256 bytes of EEPROM as read/write information and a 32-byte write protection area for storing permanent data that is not overwritten. In addition, some memory cards also have security features, such as ATMEL's 128-byte AT102 EE PROM IC card.
2. Payment card
A Debit Card is actually a type of memory card. The IC card is prepaid, and the corresponding money is deducted in future use. This type of lC card can only be used when it is used. After the amount in the card is deducted, the card can be re-purchased (the amount of money is written again). Figure 1-112 is a block diagram of the 104-bit E2 PROM payment card PCF 7960.
The 104 bits of the card are divided into 3 parts: 24 bits are identification code data (IC-IndenificaTIon Code data). 40 bits are read-only Card Data and 40 bits are Debit Data. Among them, bits 72-103 are counter values ​​for bit write and byte erase, and the maximum counter value is 3 & TImes; 84 -12 288 bits.
3. smart card
The smart card (Smard Card) not only has embedded memory, but also has a CPU. In addition to large-capacity storage, it also has intelligent functions such as security and recognition, as shown in Figure 1-113. This type of card can be divided into a contact type as shown in Figure 1-113 and a non-contact type as shown in Figure 1-116. Smart cards are the development direction of lC cards, and are currently mainly used in banking, finance, POS systems and information management access systems.
4. Password card
A Crypto Card is also a type of smart card. The IC card is embedded on the smart card and embedded with a hardware password calculation unit to meet the requirements of the RSA cryptographic algorithm. The PIN card can meet the requirements of the public cryptosystem and the open network, and is a high-performance smart card developed in recent years.
The IC card has the characteristics of large storage capacity and strong confidentiality. Therefore, it can not only replace the magnetic card application, but also has a wider range of application fields: payphone (public telephone card); banking financial system (bank card); health care system (health card) ); sales, consumption (electric meter charge, car refueling) - consumer card; university, business management (company / campus card); pay TV (Pay TV card); parking, access control} customs electronic passport, ID card ; electronic monthly passes for buses and subways; automatic toll collection for highways, tunnels, and bridges; and legal access to public database systems.
Compared with magnetic cards, IC cards have the following characteristics:
1 The storage capacity is large, up to 10 KB, which greatly exceeds the storage capacity of the magnetic card; the security of security is good, which is unmatched by the magnetic card; the read/write reliability of the IC card is much higher than that of the magnetic card.
2 IC card (smart) is a stand-alone computer that can be used without real-time networking. This is more practical in the case of China's backward communications equipment.
3 One card for multiple use, such as company card can be consumed (meal, shopping), but also attendance, borrowing books, borrowing equipment and for data management.
4 IC card price is much higher than magnetic card, it is difficult to promote and apply.
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