We have listed the way of lighting that does not require TV broadcast venues. Simply put, it is the two kinds of stars, horses and horses. It is the lighting design for the stadium. The first thing we need to understand is lighting. level. The national standard ranks the stadium as follows:
In the case that the level requirements are not clear, at least it is necessary to find out whether it needs to be broadcasted, because the broadcast will directly affect the choice of lamps and the way of lighting.
Let us first talk about the situation that does not need to be broadcast:
Not broadcasting means that there is usually no requirement for vertical illumination. First, a simple diagram is used to illustrate the relationship between the direction of light and the direction of illumination.
Most of the venues that do not need television broadcasts only require horizontal illumination (except for fencing). Then we know the direction of the light: the more perpendicular to the ground, the more the lights are saved.
Let's talk about the different venues below:
stadium:
Our country's general comprehensive gymnasium is mostly, including handball, basketball, volleyball, badminton and other sports. Knowing the layout of the venue is crucial for the later design!
Common layout of the gym
Gypsophila layout (top frame hoisting)
Pony arrangement
The pros and cons of the two arrangements:
Gypsophila: This method is a way to save lights (the most light on the vertical ground); but this arrangement, generally the top grid can not leave, you must use the lift truck for maintenance. This method usually uses industrial and mining lamps. Most of the time, the glare is relatively small, but it is more uncomfortable for some sports (such as badminton, volleyball, etc.). Of course, we can use T5 highbay, which has less direct glare. make up.
Madao style: need to consider the control problem of glare (horse height, projection angle, etc.), this arrangement is relatively simple to maintain, and can also provide a certain vertical illumination, so that the audience is more comfortable than the full star (the vertical illumination is good, people The face is clearer).
Swimming pool:
Swimming pool layout
Gypsophila layout (top frame hoisting)
Pony arrangement
The pros and cons of the two arrangements:
The design of the Gypsophila is just like the gymnasium, saving the lights, but the maintenance is more troublesome. Even when the light source is changed, the water in the whole pool is even released. The glare will also be great for backstroke, and the advantage of the horse-shaped arrangement is obvious.
Outdoor venue:
Pole (tower)
Horse path
The pros and cons of the two arrangements:
The pole type is convenient for small venues, especially those without a shed. The track type is usually only available in a covered shed and the height of the shed needs to be high enough.
Special lighting methods:
In addition, there are some other special lighting methods, such as the indirect lighting below:
Stadium lighting design lamp type selection and lighting calculation
When it comes to calculations, the first thing we have to say is the standard. JGJ 153-2007 "Sports Lighting Design and Testing Standards" divides the illumination standard of sports lighting into six levels (excluding emergency broadcast), and three of them do not need to be broadcasted. The big level is as follows:
I Training and entertainment activities
II Amateur competition, professional training
III professional competition
At the same time, the illuminance standards of most sports are listed. Different illuminance standards are different, but basically one principle is followed: the faster the movement speed, the higher the illumination requirement.
First of all, let's talk about the gymnasium. For a comprehensive gymnasium, usually the general small gymnasium in China is a multi-site. There are many sports in one venue. Even when lighting design, there is no venue layout. In this case, we usually Ensure that a large venue (basketball or even handball) reaches the professional level, in addition to the entire area, to meet professional training or only to meet the level of entertainment training.
There are also differences in the way in which lamps are selected and calculated for different lighting methods.
Select lamps according to the way of lighting
First, the starry cloth lights
In the case of a starry cloth, we must first determine the type of fixture. Generally we have the following options:
1, gold halogen high ceiling light
This type of luminaire can select power according to the height. Generally speaking, it is recommended to use 250W within 10 meters, 400W for 10~20 meters, and 1000W high ceiling light for 20 meters or less.
Due to the large glare of such lamps, the effects of head-up should be considered when lighting, and the lighting method mentioned in JGJ 153-2007 "Sports Hall Lighting Design and Testing Standards" should be followed (for example, the badminton PA area should not be above Arrange the lamps). Due to the restart of the metal halide lamp, don't forget to install additional emergency lighting.
The last point to note is that there is a danger of explosion of metal halide lamps, so it is necessary to match the front glass (tempered glass).
2, T5 high ceiling light
These luminaires are generally more efficient and have less direct glare and are a good alternative to metal halide high patio lights.
Usually the maximum power can reach 6 * 54W in the case of light distribution and efficiency can be a perfect replacement for 400W metal halide lamps.
However, because the T5 tube is more fragile, it is recommended to use a protective steel mesh when using such lamps.
Finally, emergency lighting does not have to be set up separately.
3, LED high ceiling light
There has been a lot of debate about the use of LED luminaires in stadiums, but personally, with the improvement of efficiency and power, it is also a good choice for venues without TV broadcast requirements.
Second, the horse-shaped cloth lamp
For the horse-drawn cloth light, we usually use the flood light . The most important point of the horse-drawn cloth light is that the elevation angle of the horse road to the center of the site is not more than 65 degrees. When the height of the rough road is suitable, the height of the horse road should not be less than the horse road to the center line. Half the horizontal distance. For power, I basically follow the principle I mentioned before.
As for the floodlights, we usually encounter three different types of light distribution:
Axisymmetric symmetric asymmetry
For axis symmetry, when the height of the horse track is high (more than 15 meters) and the projection distance is long (larger field), it will save the lamp and the uniformity is better.
For symmetrical light distribution, since the light distribution width is between the axisymmetric asymmetry, it can be used as appropriate.
Because most of the light is concentrated below the maximum light intensity angle, the glare control for off-site and auditorium will be better and the utilization rate will be better. At the same time, it can also avoid the black condition of the lamp. At the same time, the lamps can be placed horizontally and are also beautiful.
In the way of lighting, the illumination is selected to be clear and the calculation of illumination is much simpler. It is calculated using Dialux or AGJ32. However, for small venues, individuals still prefer to use Dialux.
There is no difficulty in drawing points. When using asymmetric or symmetric light distribution, it can be aimed as follows.
For axisymmetric light distribution luminaires, it is recommended to cross properly to avoid shadows to ensure a certain vertical illuminance on both sides. When higher requirements are required, we should also cross the light on both sides to ensure a certain degree of vertical illumination and vertical space. Light to see the high flying ball.
For soccer stadiums and track and field venues that do not require color TV broadcasts, four-bar or horse-drawn cloth lamps are generally used. For venues where there are few or no auditorium seats, it is usually a four-bar type cloth lamp. The reason is very simple. There are no sheds or sheds that are too small and too short.
For the pole type, as we mentioned earlier, the height of the pole is not less than half of the distance from the pole to the center of the field; because the track and field is large, the pole will be placed in the venue or on the auditorium to reduce the height of the pole. In addition, the pole should be avoided as much as possible.
Regarding the position of the pole, JGJ 153-2007 "Sports Hall Lighting Design and Testing Standards" also has relatively clear regulations, as shown in the following figure:
For the field poles with track and field, you should still follow the above picture and look for a position closer to the center of the field (note avoiding occlusion and interference with athletes). The height is determined by determining the position.
For a horse-drawn arrangement, usually a covered shed, it should also be noted that the height of the shelter cannot be less than half the horizontal distance from the centerline. If the height is not enough, you can use the mixed cloth light as well as the prohibited lighting area of ​​the football field (see JGJ153-2007).
Hybrid cloth light:
For the choice of lamps, the track and field football field usually uses 2000W axisymmetric light distribution lamps, and 1000W or 400W can be used for the audience. Try not to use multiple power combinations in the venue to avoid inconsistencies in color temperature.
The lighting and drawing methods are as follows:
Figure: For the renovation of the old field, a combination of four towers and a covered shed is used. At the same time, the highest mode of this cloth is the domestic level of football TV broadcast, the track and field professional competition, the above picture shows the football professional competition mode after closing some lights.
In another case, due to site restrictions, the pole was outside the auditorium, and there was no shelter available for the auditorium (there was no shelter for the shelter), so the pole height reached 45 meters. The venue is only amateur competition level, only 60 sets of 2000W floodlights are used. It can be said that the pole is more expensive than the lamp!
Another example is the street-style cloth light, the level is professional competition level, the number of lights is 106 sets. You can see that some lights are still being placed in the prohibited lighting area of ​​the football match, which is due to the restriction of the position of the cloth or the lack of a row of lights in the horse track (this is more common in high-level competitions and long distances). Some of the lights that only illuminate the track and field are placed in this area. At the football level, this part of the light can be turned off to avoid the impact.
In the past, I have a general understanding of the lighting and drawing problems. As for the numerous illumination requirements and their principles, we can refer to the relevant standards and materials, and I will not repeat them here. This time we talk about several other important tasks: illuminance grading, auditorium and emergency lighting.
Stadium grading, auditorium and emergency lighting
First of all, let's talk about grading. For example, when we want to be an HDTV track and field and a football stadium (synthesized gymnasium), we can usually design in two ways:
1. The order of the big field after the small field is to let the small venue meet the HDTV requirements first, and then add lights to the outside of the small venue to meet the requirements of the large venue. This approach is relatively simple to design, but since the maximum illumination in a small field will increase as the luminaire increases, more luminaires are used to meet the uniformity.
2. The order of the small field after the big field is to let the big field meet the requirements first, then turn off the peripheral lamps to meet the requirements of the small field. The first thing to note about this approach is that the maximum illumination must be near the center of the field and decremented from the center to the periphery. Otherwise, as the peripheral lamps are turned off, it may cause the small field to fail to meet the illumination requirement, and even if the lamp is not turned off, the illumination requirement cannot be met. This method is more economical, but because many lamps shine outside the edge of the small field, it will lead to higher power consumption when used in small venues.
When considering more factors such as the initial investment in the bid price, we usually adopt the second method.
After the maximum illuminance of the maximum site is met, it is usually required to sequentially meet the illuminance requirements of each level down to the minimum to the cleaning requirements.
Figure: HDTV whole game and HDTV football
Figure: Professional competition whole game and professional competition football
Pay attention to the following two points when turning off the lights:
1. Lamps used in track and field competitions that are arranged in football-forbidden lighting areas must be turned off during football matches;
2. The lights that are turned off in the high level of the same site cannot be opened at a lower level.
After turning off the lights step by step, the following table can be summarized and used for control after the calculation. Note that the following table is only the logic loop, not the distribution loop. The distribution loop also needs to consider the corresponding power distribution requirements and phase separation requirements. Also note that the luminaires that illuminate the same area should not be separated into one phase as much as possible to avoid stroboscopic problems.
Tips: Click on the image to enlarge
Stadium lighting design - track and field
Stadium lighting design - track and field
For LED luminaires, which are rarely used in broadcast-level venues, one of the important reasons is that the power is relatively small, and too many luminaires will be used to cause troubles in installation and debugging.
However, LED lamps have two major advantages in addition to life and other factors:
1) Perfectly solve the stroboscopic problem of slow motion;
2) It can be solved by dimming when it is used in grades, so the design is simple, the uniformity is better, and it is more energy-saving.
Photo: LED lamps in Ulm, Germany
Traditional lamps can be solved with different phase assignments during normal broadcast. Slow-motion playback is difficult to solve. You can see the strobe when you watch some slow-motion playback in this World Cup.
LEDs do not have this problem.
For the auditorium, the lighting is relatively simple. It can be solved by using 400W or 1000W floodlights. It should be noted that when the height of the rear auditorium is too high, it is necessary to avoid the glare caused by the horse-track projection. At the same time, consider the rear grid or wall. Install the lamp to fill the light to ensure the illumination of the audience. For emergency lighting, a 500W or 1000W iodine-tungsten light source floodlight is usually used. Of course, LED is also a consideration.
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