Abstract: The original national standards--"Civil Building Lighting Design Standards" (GBJ133-90) and "Industrial Enterprise Lighting Design Standards" (GB50034-92) have been implemented for more than ten years. With the development of the national economy, these two national standards have Can not meet the requirements of current engineering construction, the Ministry of Construction issued a task in the summer of 2002, revised the two national standards, and decided to merge into a standard, edited by China Academy of Building Research, China Aviation Industry Planning and Design Institute and other units Edited, the standard name is "Architectural Lighting Design Standards".
Keywords: lighting energy efficiency architectural lighting design standard implementation
1 Overview of the compilation of Architectural Lighting Design Standards
1.1 The origin of the standard
The original national standards--"Civil Building Lighting Design Standards" (GBJ133-90) and "Industrial Enterprise Lighting Design Standards" (GB50034-92) have been implemented for more than ten years. With the development of the national economy, these two national standards have been unable to adapt. The current construction requirements, the Ministry of Construction issued a task in the summer of 2002, revised the two national standards, and decided to merge into a standard, edited by the China Academy of Building Research, China Aviation Industry Planning and Design Institute and other units, The standard name is "Architectural Lighting Design Standards".
At the same time, the China Green Lighting Project Office of the State Economic and Trade Commission (now the National Development and Reform Commission) issued the “Energy Efficiency Standard for Architectural Lightingâ€, which was prepared by the same editor-in-chief.
In the process of preparation, taking into account the better unification of the above two standards, it is easier to implement in the design and merged into one standard with the consent of the two administrations.
After nearly two years of work in the compilation group, it was approved in April 2004, submitted for approval in May, and approved by the Ministry of Construction on June 18, 2004. The standard number is GB50034-2004, and it was implemented on December 1, 2004. The standard was approved so quickly because the two administrations tracked the main process of preparation and the importance of implementing the standard as early as possible.
1.2 Principles of Standard Compilation
(1) Reflecting the status of China's national economic development and scientific and technological progress in the past decade or more;
(2) The need to adapt to the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the 21st century;
(3) Full implementation of green lighting projects and implementation of major guidelines for energy conservation and environmental protection.
1.3 Main basis
(1) Survey and key surveys on the lighting conditions of various types of buildings in China;
(2) For the analysis of China's original standards, the new standards of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other relevant standards and other materials, draw on the beneficial parts, when possible, use or reference the application of the new CIE standards;
(3) Consider the actual situation of China's current lighting equipment (light source, lamps, ballasts, etc.) and the development trend in the next few years;
(4) Widely listen to the opinions of design, scientific research and other relevant units.
1.4 Characteristics and major changes of the new standard
(1) The illuminance level has been greatly improved, adapting to the current needs of production, work, study and life;
(2) There are new and higher requirements for lighting quality, which is conducive to improving visual conditions;
(3) Reflecting the progress of lighting technology, which is conducive to the development and promotion of high-quality and efficient lighting equipment;
(4) Highlighting energy conservation, seizing the source, applying mandatory provisions, limiting lighting power density, and promoting the energy efficiency of lighting systems;
(5) Increased the content of lighting management and supervision, which is conducive to the optimization of design schemes and the implementation of standards.
1.5 Implementation of the relationship between new standards and green lighting
The new "Architectural Lighting Design Standards" content is comprehensive and systematic, stipulating the illumination level of industrial and civil buildings, lighting quality and lighting power density limits of common places; and green lighting projects are not just lighting energy saving, but beneficial It is a comprehensive and systematic project to achieve energy conservation and environmental protection on the basis of improving people's production, work, learning efficiency and quality of life, and protecting physical and mental health. It adopts measures from administrative, legislative, technical, and economic aspects, including propaganda, education, training, organization and promotion, and the new standard is from technical legislation. The goal of both is the same and the content is completely unified.
2 illuminance standard
Compared with the original standard (GB50034-92, GBJ133-90), GB50034-2004 has the following major changes.
(1) The illuminance standard has been greatly improved. For example, in the general office, the median value specified in GBJ133-90 is 150Lx, and the new standard is 300Lx.
(2) The original standard specifies three values ​​of high, medium and low for the illuminance standard value of each room or place, while the new standard only specifies one value. This value is roughly equivalent to the median of the three values ​​of the original standard; as for the application of high and low values, the improvement of the first level and the lower level are clearly defined in Articles 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 of the new standard. conditions of.
(3) For industrial sites, the original GB50034-92 specifies the standard value of the mixed illumination illumination for the places with higher illumination requirements (including the illumination provided by the local illumination, and stipulates that the general illumination illumination value is 5% of the mixed illumination illumination value). ～15%), some also specify the general illumination illuminance standard value, while the new standard only specifies the illuminance standard value of general illumination. If local illuminance is required, it should be increased by 1 to 3 times of the general illumination illuminance. .
(4) The illuminance standard value specified in the new standard refers to the illuminance requirement of the working surface; the illuminance of the adjacent area within 0.5m outside the working surface is allowed to be appropriately reduced: when the illuminance of the working surface is 300-750lx, the level can be lowered; When it is 200lx or less, it should not be lowered. This regulation is in line with actual needs and is conducive to energy conservation.
(5) Some rooms or places with the same purpose are stipulated according to different requirements, such as two files, even three-speed and four-speed illumination standards. For example, the office is divided into "general" and "high-end", and the illumination is 300 and 500lx; the store business hall is also divided into " General "and" high-grade regulations; laboratory, inspection, etc. "general" and "fine" stipulate two levels of illumination. This is in consideration of different regions, different industries, different scales, etc.
(6) The new standard stipulates that the illuminance value calculated by the lighting design and the illuminance standard value may have a deviation of -10% to +10%, that is, the actual calculated illuminance should not be less than the standard value, and should not be Too big. However, for smaller rooms with a small number of lights (such as fewer than 10 luminaires), this deviation is allowed.
(7) In view of China's vast territory, urban-rural differences, large gaps between the east and the west, and different conditions for large, medium and small cities, the building standards vary greatly. Therefore, the new standard stipulates the standard value of illuminance when the building level and function requirements are high or low. It is also possible to increase or decrease the level to suit different requirements and needs.
3 Lighting quality
3.1 Glare limitation
In addition to the minimum shading angle of the direct type luminaire according to the average brightness of the light source, the new standard mainly refers to the CIE glare evaluation method. Uniform glare (UGR) is used to evaluate discomfort glare in rooms or locations where public and industrial buildings are often used. According to different requirements, the maximum UGR limits of various types of rooms shall not be greater than 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and so on. The calculation of the UGR value gives a formula containing background brightness (Lb), brightness of the luminaire (La) of the observer direction, etc. These parameters are related to the technical parameters of the luminaire product, as well as the room size and the luminaire. Location and other factors are related. This evaluation method is more scientific, but the calculation in the design is more complicated and should generally be completed by a computer.
In addition, for the outdoor stadium, according to the CIE file, the glare value (GR) is used to evaluate the uncomfortable glare, and the maximum allowable value of the GR is not more than 50, and the calculation formula of the GR is also given.
3.2 color table of the illumination source
(1) Light source color table grouping: According to the correlated color temperature (Tcp) of the light source, it is divided into three groups: warm color (<3300K), intermediate color (3300～5300K), and cool color (>5300K).
(2) Selection of light source color table: Generally speaking, the color table of the light source should be selected according to the atmosphere to be formed in the architectural light environment. Fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps and other light sources that are most used indoors have a variety of color temperature products to choose from. Generally, warm light sources are suitable for low illumination (such as 200 ~ 300lx) or cold areas, such as residential, hotel rooms, wards, cafes, bars, restaurants, etc.; cool light source for high illumination (such as 750lx and above) Locations or tropical areas, such as stadiums; medium-temperature light sources are suitable for medium-illumination (such as 300 ~ 1000lx) places, such illuminance requirements are common, widely used, such as offices, design rooms, reading rooms, classrooms, Clinic, inspection, control room, machining, instrument assembly, etc.
(3) Problems in design and application: It is understood that some lighting designs do not pay attention to the choice of color temperature of light source: some design drawings do not specify the color temperature of the light source, let the project contractor or construction unit purchase, or even purchase at will; some regulations The color temperature of the light source, but the use of cool colors is more. Some designers, contractors or construction companies mistakenly believe that lamps with high color temperature are bright and efficient, resulting in the selection of fluorescent lamps (including straight tubes and compact). Most of them are 6200~6500K high color temperature lamps. On the one hand, the atmosphere is not suitable. On the other hand, it causes the light effect of the lamp to drop. Generally speaking, the color temperature of a fluorescent lamp is high, and the light effect is lower, especially the halogen phosphate fluorescent tube straight tube lamp is more obvious. For most places, the illumination is in the range of 200 to 750 lx, and a medium color temperature fluorescent lamp is suitable.
3.3 Color rendering
(1) Significance: The color rendering of the light source is good, and the artistic color of the architectural decoration and the color of the object to be viewed can be better and more realistic, which can better reflect the human color and good spiritual appearance. Therefore, for architectural decoration, for the production and work that requires clear color discrimination, good color rendering is important for art display, shopping and commercial business premises. For the general workplace, to obtain the same visual effect, a light source with poor color rendering is required to have a higher illumination than a light source with good color rendering.
(2) Color rendering standard: The color rendering performance is expressed by the general color rendering index (Ra). The new standard is in accordance with the new CIE standard, and the five categories of IA, IB, II, III, and IV are deleted, but five are still specified. The Ra value of the level, that is, not less than 90, 80, 60, 40, 20.
The new standard stipulates that the Ra value of the light source should not be less than 80 in a room or place where work or stays for a long time. That is to say, the base color requirement is not less than 80, and the Ra value can be lowered for the place where the continuous operation is performed; for the industrial place where the installation height of the lamp is more than 6 m, Ra can also be lower than 80.
This regulation takes into account the needs of production, work and people's lives, and also considers better visual effects and energy conservation, while also taking into account the possible conditions of the current and future years of light sources, such as the widely used, high-efficiency trichromatic colors. Fluorescent lamps and ceramic metal halide lamps, Ra have reached 80 or more.
3.4 Illumination uniformity
The illuminance uniformity specified by the new standard is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance on the specified surface. The required ratio is not less than 0.7. Here, it refers to the general illumination uniformity in the work area, and does not necessarily require the uniformity of the entire room or place, which is advantageous for reducing the illumination power density value. The new standard stipulates that the uniformity around the working surface can be reduced to 0.5; it also stipulates that the general illumination illuminance value of the passages and other non-working areas in the room or place can be reduced, not less than 1/3 of the working area illuminance.
4 choice of lighting equipment
The correct and reasonable selection of lighting equipment is an important factor related to the safe and reliable use of architectural lighting systems, advanced technology, economical operation, high efficiency and energy saving, and the creation of a good lighting environment. The lighting equipment should be selected according to these principles in the design, including light source, lamps and ballasts, controllers, etc. China's production (including joint ventures, foreign-owned production) light sources and other equipment, with a variety of types, varieties, no shortage of efficient products, for lighting engineering applications. The following describes how to adapt to a place that requires reasonable selection.
4.1 Lighting source selection
(1) Selection principle:
1) high luminous efficiency;
2) good color rendering, that is, high color rendering index;
3) Long service life;
4) The starting point is reliable, convenient and fast;
5) The performance price ratio is high.
(2) Specific selection opinions: According to the new standard requirements and the above principles, it is recommended to select the light source according to the following opinions.
1) Fluorescent lamps are used in places where the installation height of the lamps is low. Fluorescent lamps include straight tube fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which have the advantages of high luminous efficiency, long life, and good color rendering; however, the former has higher luminous efficiency, longer life and high lumen maintenance rate. More cost-effective. Therefore, in addition to the decorative requirements, in general (such as office, classroom, reading room, production workshop, etc.) should use straight tube fluorescent lamps. Further requirements are analyzed below.
2) Metal halide lamps are suitable for places with high installation height of lamps, and medium-color high-pressure sodium lamps can also be used. For places with high color rendering requirements, ceramic metal halide lamps (Ra>80) can be used; for no color rendering requirements In industrial places, high-pressure sodium lamps with higher luminous efficiency and longer life (Ra>20) can be used.
3) For installations with high height and difficult maintenance (such as high halls, chimney obstacle lights, navigation lights, bridge suspension lights, etc.), high frequency electrodeless fluorescent lamps should be used. Its main feature is its long service life (up to 50,000 to 60,000 hours). At the same time, the light efficiency is high (60 ~ 70lm / W), the color rendering is good (Ra up to 80), the starting point is fast and reliable.
4) Fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps should not be used: metal halide lamps are developed on the basis of mercury lamps, and their luminous efficiency is increased by about 60% (400W for example), with high color rendering index and longer life. Therefore, new Fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps should no longer be used in the design, and self-ballasted fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps with lower luminous efficiency should not be used.
5) Limit the application of heat radiation source (incandescent lamp or tungsten halogen lamp for general lighting): It has the advantages of good color rendering, fast starting point and easy dimming; however, due to low light efficiency and short life, it is limited. It should not be used except for dimming (fluorescent lamps are also dimmable), frequent switching and short-term work, and special decorative requirements.
(3) Application of straight tube fluorescent lamps
Straight tube fluorescent lamp is the light source with the highest luminous efficiency and the best cost performance except sodium lamp. It is the most widely used. At the same time, it has developed rapidly in the past 20 years. There are many types, varieties and specifications of lamps. There are also many problems in practical application. It affects the improvement of lighting quality and energy efficiency, and it is necessary to specify its application.
1) There are three main aspects in the development and progress of more than 20 years:
1 tube diameter becomes smaller: the traditional T12 tube diameter is 38mm. By the end of the 1970s, the T8 tube was introduced, the diameter was 26mm, the luminous efficiency was increased by 10%, and the life was longer. In the 1990s, the T5 tube with thinner diameter was developed. , diameter 16mm. The small diameter of the pipe saves the amount of mercury and fluorescent lamps, which is beneficial to the environment. At the same time, it also saves the lamp material, reduces the size and is conducive to energy saving; the small pipe diameter is beneficial to improve the efficiency of the lamp. In view of this, the new standard clearly stipulates that lamps with a diameter of 26 mm and below should be used.
2 In the 1980s, the rare earth trichromatic phosphors were successfully developed, which is a significant improvement over the use of halophosphate phosphors for decades: the color rendering index of lamps has increased from 57 to 75 to 85; Significantly improved (about 15% to 30% higher) and longer life (about 50% increase), which is extremely important for implementing new standards, implementing green lighting projects, and improving lighting energy efficiency. Unfortunately, he still doesn't know much about its excellence, or thinks that its price is too expensive and he doesn't want to use it. It is argued that despite its high price, it is ultimately cost-effective due to its high quality and efficient performance.
3 Application of electronic technology: such as high-frequency lighting with fluorescent lamps, electronic ballasts, and development of new high-frequency electrodeless fluorescent lamps, electromagnetic induction fluorescent lamps, microwave sulfur lamps, etc., all bring new developments to improve light efficiency and improve service life. .
2) Comparison of technical and economic performance of straight tube fluorescent lamps
Four T8 straight tube fluorescent lamps, two kinds of halogen powder tubes (compared with different color temperatures) and two kinds of three primary color tubes (compared with different powers) were selected to compare their technical performance and economy. The calculation results are shown in Table 1.
According to the analysis in Table 1, the selection of T8 straight tube fluorescent lamps is proposed:
1The use of three primary color lamps has obvious advantages. In addition to good color rendering (Ra>80), the same 36W tube, low annual operating cost, and low initial construction fee, although its price is high, but due to high light efficiency The use of lamps and ballasts is less, and the money is saved enough to make up for the money spent on the lamps.
2 The intermediate color temperature (about 4000K) is better than the cold color temperature tube, and the halogen powder tube is more obvious, so the initial construction fee is reduced and the electricity cost is saved.
3 The same three primary color lamps, 36W than 18W initial construction fee and annual operating costs are lower, because the low power lamp is relatively low light efficiency. Therefore, the use of T8 lamps, for offices, classrooms, production workshops, etc., under the conditions of uniform illumination, 36W lamps should be used, and no small power tubes should be used, which saves energy and reduces initial construction costs.
Table 1 Comparison of main parameters and economic techniques of four T8 straight tube fluorescent lamps
The conditions for the preparation of this table (reference value):
a. Lamp price: 8 yuan for each halogen powder tube, 18 yuan for 36W three primary color tubes, 13 yuan for 18W three primary color tubes.
b. According to the double-tube lamps, including electronic ballasts and installation costs, each set of 300 yuan, 2 × 18W each set of 200 yuan.
c. Electricity price (including basic electricity bill): 0.6 yuan / kW?; h.
d. Annual utilization hours: 4000h.
e. Lamp and electronic ballast power: 36W for 36W and 19W for 18W.
(4) Economic and technical evaluation of the selection of light source
Generally speaking, high-quality and high-efficiency light sources are often expensive and even expensive. Designers or users are not willing to choose expensive ones, which hinders the promotion and application of high-efficiency energy-saving light sources, which is not conducive to improving energy efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce an economic evaluation method, which is described below.
1) Under the same conditions (same room, same illumination), when different light sources are selected, the initial construction fee and operation cost are calculated, as listed in Table 1. This method is relatively simple, but the two costs can not be added simply, because the initial construction fee is one-off, the operating fee is annual, and the initial construction fee is invested in construction, and the operating fee is paid monthly by month. Not equivalent.
2) Full-life comprehensive cost method: The TOC method (Total Owning Cost) is commonly used internationally, which is a comprehensive calculation of the initial construction fee and the operation fee, and the operating expenses incurred every year during the whole life period are discounted to the initial construction. The equivalent cost is then added to the initial construction fee, and the total cost is used to evaluate its economics. The TOC method is applied by the IEC287-3-2:1995 "Economic Optimization of Power Cable Sections" standard; the United States uses the TOC method to evaluate the economic benefits of transformers and has established industry standards.
4.2 Lamp selection
(1) Principles of selecting lamps:
1) Safety in use: protection against electric shock and fire, explosion and other environmental conditions;
2) Limit glare;
3) Improve energy efficiency: select lamps with high efficiency, light distribution and location conditions, and lamps with high lumen maintenance rate;
4) Reasonably consider the combination of functionality (good lighting effect), decorative (beautiful, coordinated), economic (cost-effective) and energy efficiency.
(2) Pay attention to the new requirements for visual protection against electric shock
The national standard "General Safety Requirements and Tests for Luminaires" (GB7000.1-2002) is equivalent to IEC60598-1:1999. There are four categories of standards for the protection against electric shock of lamps, namely Class O, Class I, Class II and Class III. The main features of its protection against electric shock are briefly described as follows:
Class O: rely solely on basic insulation.
Class I: Not only rely on basic insulation, but also additional safety measures, that is, the exposed conductive part is connected to the protective ground.
Class II: Not only basic insulation, but also additional safety measures such as double insulation and reinforced insulation.
Class III: The supply voltage is a safe extra low voltage (S EL V) and does not generate a voltage higher than SELV.
It can be seen that the safety of Class I, Class II and Class III lamps is relatively guaranteed, while Class O lamps have only basic insulation. Once the basic insulation fails, it can only rely on environmental conditions and easily lead to electric shock.
The IEC new standard IEC60598-1:2003 has removed Class O luminaires, only Class I, Class II and Class III luminaires, which is an important modification from a better guarantee of safety. To this end, China has also revised the GB7000.1 national standard immediately and has submitted it for approval. It is expected to be published in 2005, 2006 or 2007. At present, O-type lamps in China's lighting products account for a large proportion, and lighting manufacturers are faced with the task of lamp modification, and lighting designers and users are faced with how to choose the type of lamps, and how to implement safety measures to ensure protection against electric shock (described later) ).
(3) Pay attention to improving the efficiency and utilization coefficient of lamps
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of lighting energy conversion
In order to improve the energy efficiency of the lighting system, in addition to the selection of high-efficiency light sources, the lamps are also a part that cannot be ignored. From the perspective of the illumination energy conversion diagram (see Figure 1), the artificial illumination is converted from electric energy to the effective light received by the working surface. Through the two links of the light source and the lamp, there are three factors that determine the efficiency of energy conversion: one is the light source effect, and the other is the lamp. Efficiency, the third is from the effective luminous flux, the coefficient related to the room shape index, the indoor surface reflectance and the light distribution of the lamp. The latter two are combined to utilize the coefficient UF (UF=).
In order to improve the utilization factor UF, it is necessary to select a product with high lamp efficiency (ηL) and light distribution suitable for room shape conditions. Generally speaking, the room's room shape index (RI) is large, that is, large and low room, wide light distribution lamps should be used; and RI small, small and high rooms should use narrow light distribution lamps.
4.3 Ballast selection
Ballasts are an energy-consuming device that has a large impact on lighting quality and power quality, so attention should be paid.
(1) Selection requirements:
1) reliable operation and long service life;
2) low self-function;
3) The strobe is small and the noise is low;
4) The harmonic content is small, and the electromagnetic compatibility meets the requirements;
5) High cost performance.
(2) Types of ballasts: For decades, gas discharge lamps have been equipped with magnetic ballasts, which have better performance but higher power consumption. In order to reduce the function, two types of ballasts have been developed in the past twenty years: one is the energy-efficient magnetic ballast, which is the improvement of the original product materials and processes; the other is the electronic circuit made of semiconductor circuits. Ballast. Both have the advantage of saving energy, but there are still many other performance differences.
(3) Selection of straight tube fluorescent lamp ballast
Taking T8 type 36W as an example, the main performance comparisons of traditional inductive type, energy-saving inductive type and electronic type (also divided into H-class and L-class) are listed in Table 2.
According to the new national standard, traditional magnetic ballasts should not be used. Electronic or energy-saving inductors should be selected according to different conditions. Both have their own advantages. However, from the perspective of development, electronic ballasts have better energy efficiency and no stroboscopic. No noise, high power factor and other advantages for a wider range of applications. For the selection of electronic ballasts, it is advisable to use L-class products with low harmonic content, and to set specific limits for harmonic content, especially the third harmonic content.
Table 2 Comparison of performance of several types of ballasts for straight tube fluorescent lamps (T8, 36W as an example)
(4) Self-ballasted fluorescent lamps (compact) ballast selection: This lamp is equipped with a ballast, and low-power (<25W) lamps are mostly. At present, the vast majority of products in China are equipped with electronic ballasts, and there is almost no room for choice. However, it should be noted that since the GB17625.1-2003 standard has a wide harmonic limit for products below 25W (specified that the 3rd harmonic does not exceed 86%), be careful when selecting. If you really achieve such a large 3rd harmonic, when the amount of use is large, it will definitely cause great harm to the neutral line.
(5) Selection of metal halide lamps and high-pressure sodium lamp ballasts: These two lamps have also developed energy-saving inductors and electronic ballasts. Their performance comparison is similar to that of the straight tube fluorescent lamp ballasts, but some metal halide lamps Electronic ballasts are not high-frequency currents, and some have a frequency of only a few hundred hertz.
These two types of lamps generally have large power, and the electronic ballasts are difficult to manufacture. There is also a process of stable improvement. It is necessary to sum up experience in trial use. At present, energy-saving magnetic ballasts are mainly used.
5 Lighting distribution and control
This part is well known and only briefly describes the following three questions.
5.1 About the grounding of the luminaire
Regarding the grounding requirements of the luminaire, the design specification lacks clear provisions. Some specifications stipulate that the illuminator should be grounded when the height is less than 2.4m from the ground. In fact, most of the lamps are not grounded.
The grounding requirements of the luminaire shall be determined according to the classification of the ampere products against electric shock. Section 4.2 of this paper quotes the classification of GB7000.1-2002, and the latest standard of IEC60598-1:2003, after the cancellation of Class O lamps, only the new regulations for Class I, II, III lamps, the grounding requirements are as follows:
(1) The exposed conductive part of Class I luminaires shall be grounded: this is determined by the additional safety measures required for Class I luminaires; if not grounded, it is equivalent to returning to Class O luminaires, and safety is not guaranteed.
(2) Class II luminaires do not need to be grounded: because his additional safety measures are not grounded, but are secured by double or reinforced insulation.
(3) Class III luminaires are not allowed to be grounded: because they use safe extra low voltage (SELV), the low voltage should be isolated from the high voltage using an isolating transformer and should not be grounded.
After the implementation of the newly revised national standard GB7000.1-200X, the Class O lamps were removed from the legislation; most of the lamps used in practice were Class I, so they should be grounded. It is a big change to the design.
5.2 About the neutral line of the lighting distribution line
Most of the current use of gas discharge lamps, there are harmonic currents, especially with electronic ballasts, the harmonic content may be relatively large. In particular, the 3rd harmonic and the odd multiple harmonic current of 3 are superimposed on the neutral line, causing the current to increase a lot. The conductor cross section shall be calculated and selected in accordance with the method specified in the appendix of national standard GB16895.15-2002.
5.3 About lighting control
For ease of use, in order to save energy, attention should be paid to lighting control design. Not only focus on the big issues of automation systems, automatic control, but also focus on those small switches, the most common switches that are applied to almost every room. Lighting automation and manual switches should be designed as follows:
(1) Conducive to the use of natural light: such as offices, classrooms, production workshops, etc. Close to the window and away from the window group switch; corridors, stairwells, toilets, etc., according to the presence or absence of natural light or strong and weak group local switch or remote control.
(2) It is beneficial to automatically turn off the lights when no one is present: such as hotel rooms, residential stairwells, etc., when conditions permit, extend to the personal office.
(3) It is convenient to manage, centralized or automatic time switch lights: public buildings such as Houji, Houche, Shangtiao Stadium, Drama Show Hall, public places of office buildings and hotels.
(4) Large rooms should be able to group switch lights when working for some people or sections.
(5) It is beneficial to group switch lights according to the needs of work: for example, the lecture hall, multi-function hall, and electrified classroom should meet the requirements of dim or turn off the lights near the podium.
6 Strictly limit lighting power density (LPD) values ​​to improve lighting efficiency
6.1 Meaning
The new standard specifies the maximum LPD limit for the most commonly used, large-scale rooms or locations in seven types of buildings, and is issued as a mandatory provision (excluding residential LPD values) to improve energy efficiency and energy savings in the architectural lighting sector. It has great significance.
China's energy is insufficient, power supply is tight, and energy conservation is an important policy that must be resolutely implemented. In a few years, the power supply may be looser and even more surplus. At that time, energy conservation is still needed, because this is a long-term policy, and it is related to reducing the discharge of harmful substances and protecting the environment.
It has been proposed to specify the LPD limit, which makes the design more difficult and difficult to achieve in some places. This regulation requires limiting energy consumption, and it is sure to add some difficulties, but as long as we actively take measures to optimize the program, we can fully meet the specified requirements. It is difficult to achieve in certain places, and technical methods should be used to adjust the decoration requirements to obey the overall situation of energy conservation.
6.2 Calculation of LPD values
The LPD limit is the maximum allowable value of the lighting power density for a room or location. The actual calculated LPD value in the design should not exceed the standard value. The calculation formula is as follows:
W/m2(1)
Where P - the input power of a single source (including the matching ballast or transformer power consumption), W;
PL-- rated power of a single source, W;
PB-- power consumption of ballast (or transformer) for light source, W;
S -- the area of ​​the room or place, m2.
6.3 Design procedures and applications
When designing the lighting, the illuminance standard should be determined according to the conditions of use, room by room or place. The type and specification of the primary light source, lamp, ballast, and the average illuminance should be calculated to meet the specified illuminance standard value, and the calculated illuminance deviation should not exceed -10% or +10%; then calculate the LPD value according to formula (1), and compare with the specified LPD value (current value), which meets the requirements without exceeding the regulations. If the regulations are exceeded, the plan should be adjusted until the regulations are met.
Someone wants to reverse the above procedure, that is, without illuminance calculation, the specified LPD limit is taken as the installation power per unit area, and the number of light sources is calculated backwards. This is not correct. The result of this design is that although the LPD limit is met, I don't know what the illumination is. There are two extreme states: one is that the selected light source and other equipment are inefficient, the illumination is not up to standard, and even the difference is very far; the other is the selection of a very efficient light source and other equipment, the calculated illumination may exceed the standard value, It can even exceed 50% to 60%, which greatly wastes energy.
6.4 Measures to reduce LPD values ​​in the design
The calculation formula for quoting the average illuminance Eav is as follows:
(2)
Where N is the number of light sources;
Ф -- the rated luminous flux of a single source, lm;
UF -- utilization factor;
K -- maintenance factor;
S -- the area of ​​the room or place, m2.
The light effect ηs of the light source (including the ballast) is
(3)
Substituting equations (1) and (3) into equation (2), the transformation results in:
(4)
It can be clearly seen from equation (4) that the following measures should be taken to reduce the LPD value:
(1) The first thing is to improve the light efficiency ηs of the light source, including reducing the power consumption of the ballast.
(2) Another important measure is to increase the utilization factor UF, that is, to select high-efficiency lamps and light distribution for the room shape, and pay attention to reasonably improve the reflection ratio of the ceiling and walls of the room.
(3) Reasonably determine the illuminance standard value. In the design, the calculated illuminance should be controlled as much as possible in the standard value, not exceeding 110%.
As long as you carefully design and optimize the design plan, you can achieve the specified LPD indicators and make achievements for energy saving.
Keywords: lighting energy efficiency architectural lighting design standard implementation
1 Overview of the compilation of Architectural Lighting Design Standards
1.1 The origin of the standard
The original national standards--"Civil Building Lighting Design Standards" (GBJ133-90) and "Industrial Enterprise Lighting Design Standards" (GB50034-92) have been implemented for more than ten years. With the development of the national economy, these two national standards have been unable to adapt. The current construction requirements, the Ministry of Construction issued a task in the summer of 2002, revised the two national standards, and decided to merge into a standard, edited by the China Academy of Building Research, China Aviation Industry Planning and Design Institute and other units, The standard name is "Architectural Lighting Design Standards".
At the same time, the China Green Lighting Project Office of the State Economic and Trade Commission (now the National Development and Reform Commission) issued the “Energy Efficiency Standard for Architectural Lightingâ€, which was prepared by the same editor-in-chief.
In the process of preparation, taking into account the better unification of the above two standards, it is easier to implement in the design and merged into one standard with the consent of the two administrations.
After nearly two years of work in the compilation group, it was approved in April 2004, submitted for approval in May, and approved by the Ministry of Construction on June 18, 2004. The standard number is GB50034-2004, and it was implemented on December 1, 2004. The standard was approved so quickly because the two administrations tracked the main process of preparation and the importance of implementing the standard as early as possible.
1.2 Principles of Standard Compilation
(1) Reflecting the status of China's national economic development and scientific and technological progress in the past decade or more;
(2) The need to adapt to the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the 21st century;
(3) Full implementation of green lighting projects and implementation of major guidelines for energy conservation and environmental protection.
1.3 Main basis
(1) Survey and key surveys on the lighting conditions of various types of buildings in China;
(2) For the analysis of China's original standards, the new standards of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other relevant standards and other materials, draw on the beneficial parts, when possible, use or reference the application of the new CIE standards;
(3) Consider the actual situation of China's current lighting equipment (light source, lamps, ballasts, etc.) and the development trend in the next few years;
(4) Widely listen to the opinions of design, scientific research and other relevant units.
1.4 Characteristics and major changes of the new standard
(1) The illuminance level has been greatly improved, adapting to the current needs of production, work, study and life;
(2) There are new and higher requirements for lighting quality, which is conducive to improving visual conditions;
(3) Reflecting the progress of lighting technology, which is conducive to the development and promotion of high-quality and efficient lighting equipment;
(4) Highlighting energy conservation, seizing the source, applying mandatory provisions, limiting lighting power density, and promoting the energy efficiency of lighting systems;
(5) Increased the content of lighting management and supervision, which is conducive to the optimization of design schemes and the implementation of standards.
1.5 Implementation of the relationship between new standards and green lighting
The new "Architectural Lighting Design Standards" content is comprehensive and systematic, stipulating the illumination level of industrial and civil buildings, lighting quality and lighting power density limits of common places; and green lighting projects are not just lighting energy saving, but beneficial It is a comprehensive and systematic project to achieve energy conservation and environmental protection on the basis of improving people's production, work, learning efficiency and quality of life, and protecting physical and mental health. It adopts measures from administrative, legislative, technical, and economic aspects, including propaganda, education, training, organization and promotion, and the new standard is from technical legislation. The goal of both is the same and the content is completely unified.
2 illuminance standard
Compared with the original standard (GB50034-92, GBJ133-90), GB50034-2004 has the following major changes.
(1) The illuminance standard has been greatly improved. For example, in the general office, the median value specified in GBJ133-90 is 150Lx, and the new standard is 300Lx.
(2) The original standard specifies three values ​​of high, medium and low for the illuminance standard value of each room or place, while the new standard only specifies one value. This value is roughly equivalent to the median of the three values ​​of the original standard; as for the application of high and low values, the improvement of the first level and the lower level are clearly defined in Articles 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 of the new standard. conditions of.
(3) For industrial sites, the original GB50034-92 specifies the standard value of the mixed illumination illumination for the places with higher illumination requirements (including the illumination provided by the local illumination, and stipulates that the general illumination illumination value is 5% of the mixed illumination illumination value). ～15%), some also specify the general illumination illuminance standard value, while the new standard only specifies the illuminance standard value of general illumination. If local illuminance is required, it should be increased by 1 to 3 times of the general illumination illuminance. .
(4) The illuminance standard value specified in the new standard refers to the illuminance requirement of the working surface; the illuminance of the adjacent area within 0.5m outside the working surface is allowed to be appropriately reduced: when the illuminance of the working surface is 300-750lx, the level can be lowered; When it is 200lx or less, it should not be lowered. This regulation is in line with actual needs and is conducive to energy conservation.
(5) Some rooms or places with the same purpose are stipulated according to different requirements, such as two files, even three-speed and four-speed illumination standards. For example, the office is divided into "general" and "high-end", and the illumination is 300 and 500lx; the store business hall is also divided into " General "and" high-grade regulations; laboratory, inspection, etc. "general" and "fine" stipulate two levels of illumination. This is in consideration of different regions, different industries, different scales, etc.
(6) The new standard stipulates that the illuminance value calculated by the lighting design and the illuminance standard value may have a deviation of -10% to +10%, that is, the actual calculated illuminance should not be less than the standard value, and should not be Too big. However, for smaller rooms with a small number of lights (such as fewer than 10 luminaires), this deviation is allowed.
(7) In view of China's vast territory, urban-rural differences, large gaps between the east and the west, and different conditions for large, medium and small cities, the building standards vary greatly. Therefore, the new standard stipulates the standard value of illuminance when the building level and function requirements are high or low. It is also possible to increase or decrease the level to suit different requirements and needs.
3 Lighting quality
3.1 Glare limitation
In addition to the minimum shading angle of the direct type luminaire according to the average brightness of the light source, the new standard mainly refers to the CIE glare evaluation method. Uniform glare (UGR) is used to evaluate discomfort glare in rooms or locations where public and industrial buildings are often used. According to different requirements, the maximum UGR limits of various types of rooms shall not be greater than 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and so on. The calculation of the UGR value gives a formula containing background brightness (Lb), brightness of the luminaire (La) of the observer direction, etc. These parameters are related to the technical parameters of the luminaire product, as well as the room size and the luminaire. Location and other factors are related. This evaluation method is more scientific, but the calculation in the design is more complicated and should generally be completed by a computer.
In addition, for the outdoor stadium, according to the CIE file, the glare value (GR) is used to evaluate the uncomfortable glare, and the maximum allowable value of the GR is not more than 50, and the calculation formula of the GR is also given.
3.2 color table of the illumination source
(1) Light source color table grouping: According to the correlated color temperature (Tcp) of the light source, it is divided into three groups: warm color (<3300K), intermediate color (3300～5300K), and cool color (>5300K).
(2) Selection of light source color table: Generally speaking, the color table of the light source should be selected according to the atmosphere to be formed in the architectural light environment. Fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps and other light sources that are most used indoors have a variety of color temperature products to choose from. Generally, warm light sources are suitable for low illumination (such as 200 ~ 300lx) or cold areas, such as residential, hotel rooms, wards, cafes, bars, restaurants, etc.; cool light source for high illumination (such as 750lx and above) Locations or tropical areas, such as stadiums; medium-temperature light sources are suitable for medium-illumination (such as 300 ~ 1000lx) places, such illuminance requirements are common, widely used, such as offices, design rooms, reading rooms, classrooms, Clinic, inspection, control room, machining, instrument assembly, etc.
(3) Problems in design and application: It is understood that some lighting designs do not pay attention to the choice of color temperature of light source: some design drawings do not specify the color temperature of the light source, let the project contractor or construction unit purchase, or even purchase at will; some regulations The color temperature of the light source, but the use of cool colors is more. Some designers, contractors or construction companies mistakenly believe that lamps with high color temperature are bright and efficient, resulting in the selection of fluorescent lamps (including straight tubes and compact). Most of them are 6200~6500K high color temperature lamps. On the one hand, the atmosphere is not suitable. On the other hand, it causes the light effect of the lamp to drop. Generally speaking, the color temperature of a fluorescent lamp is high, and the light effect is lower, especially the halogen phosphate fluorescent tube straight tube lamp is more obvious. For most places, the illumination is in the range of 200 to 750 lx, and a medium color temperature fluorescent lamp is suitable.
3.3 Color rendering
(1) Significance: The color rendering of the light source is good, and the artistic color of the architectural decoration and the color of the object to be viewed can be better and more realistic, which can better reflect the human color and good spiritual appearance. Therefore, for architectural decoration, for the production and work that requires clear color discrimination, good color rendering is important for art display, shopping and commercial business premises. For the general workplace, to obtain the same visual effect, a light source with poor color rendering is required to have a higher illumination than a light source with good color rendering.
(2) Color rendering standard: The color rendering performance is expressed by the general color rendering index (Ra). The new standard is in accordance with the new CIE standard, and the five categories of IA, IB, II, III, and IV are deleted, but five are still specified. The Ra value of the level, that is, not less than 90, 80, 60, 40, 20.
The new standard stipulates that the Ra value of the light source should not be less than 80 in a room or place where work or stays for a long time. That is to say, the base color requirement is not less than 80, and the Ra value can be lowered for the place where the continuous operation is performed; for the industrial place where the installation height of the lamp is more than 6 m, Ra can also be lower than 80.
This regulation takes into account the needs of production, work and people's lives, and also considers better visual effects and energy conservation, while also taking into account the possible conditions of the current and future years of light sources, such as the widely used, high-efficiency trichromatic colors. Fluorescent lamps and ceramic metal halide lamps, Ra have reached 80 or more.
3.4 Illumination uniformity
The illuminance uniformity specified by the new standard is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance on the specified surface. The required ratio is not less than 0.7. Here, it refers to the general illumination uniformity in the work area, and does not necessarily require the uniformity of the entire room or place, which is advantageous for reducing the illumination power density value. The new standard stipulates that the uniformity around the working surface can be reduced to 0.5; it also stipulates that the general illumination illuminance value of the passages and other non-working areas in the room or place can be reduced, not less than 1/3 of the working area illuminance.
4 choice of lighting equipment
The correct and reasonable selection of lighting equipment is an important factor related to the safe and reliable use of architectural lighting systems, advanced technology, economical operation, high efficiency and energy saving, and the creation of a good lighting environment. The lighting equipment should be selected according to these principles in the design, including light source, lamps and ballasts, controllers, etc. China's production (including joint ventures, foreign-owned production) light sources and other equipment, with a variety of types, varieties, no shortage of efficient products, for lighting engineering applications. The following describes how to adapt to a place that requires reasonable selection.
4.1 Lighting source selection
(1) Selection principle:
1) high luminous efficiency;
2) good color rendering, that is, high color rendering index;
3) Long service life;
4) The starting point is reliable, convenient and fast;
5) The performance price ratio is high.
(2) Specific selection opinions: According to the new standard requirements and the above principles, it is recommended to select the light source according to the following opinions.
1) Fluorescent lamps are used in places where the installation height of the lamps is low. Fluorescent lamps include straight tube fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which have the advantages of high luminous efficiency, long life, and good color rendering; however, the former has higher luminous efficiency, longer life and high lumen maintenance rate. More cost-effective. Therefore, in addition to the decorative requirements, in general (such as office, classroom, reading room, production workshop, etc.) should use straight tube fluorescent lamps. Further requirements are analyzed below.
2) Metal halide lamps are suitable for places with high installation height of lamps, and medium-color high-pressure sodium lamps can also be used. For places with high color rendering requirements, ceramic metal halide lamps (Ra>80) can be used; for no color rendering requirements In industrial places, high-pressure sodium lamps with higher luminous efficiency and longer life (Ra>20) can be used.
3) For installations with high height and difficult maintenance (such as high halls, chimney obstacle lights, navigation lights, bridge suspension lights, etc.), high frequency electrodeless fluorescent lamps should be used. Its main feature is its long service life (up to 50,000 to 60,000 hours). At the same time, the light efficiency is high (60 ~ 70lm / W), the color rendering is good (Ra up to 80), the starting point is fast and reliable.
4) Fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps should not be used: metal halide lamps are developed on the basis of mercury lamps, and their luminous efficiency is increased by about 60% (400W for example), with high color rendering index and longer life. Therefore, new Fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps should no longer be used in the design, and self-ballasted fluorescent high-pressure mercury lamps with lower luminous efficiency should not be used.
5) Limit the application of heat radiation source (incandescent lamp or tungsten halogen lamp for general lighting): It has the advantages of good color rendering, fast starting point and easy dimming; however, due to low light efficiency and short life, it is limited. It should not be used except for dimming (fluorescent lamps are also dimmable), frequent switching and short-term work, and special decorative requirements.
(3) Application of straight tube fluorescent lamps
Straight tube fluorescent lamp is the light source with the highest luminous efficiency and the best cost performance except sodium lamp. It is the most widely used. At the same time, it has developed rapidly in the past 20 years. There are many types, varieties and specifications of lamps. There are also many problems in practical application. It affects the improvement of lighting quality and energy efficiency, and it is necessary to specify its application.
1) There are three main aspects in the development and progress of more than 20 years:
1 tube diameter becomes smaller: the traditional T12 tube diameter is 38mm. By the end of the 1970s, the T8 tube was introduced, the diameter was 26mm, the luminous efficiency was increased by 10%, and the life was longer. In the 1990s, the T5 tube with thinner diameter was developed. , diameter 16mm. The small diameter of the pipe saves the amount of mercury and fluorescent lamps, which is beneficial to the environment. At the same time, it also saves the lamp material, reduces the size and is conducive to energy saving; the small pipe diameter is beneficial to improve the efficiency of the lamp. In view of this, the new standard clearly stipulates that lamps with a diameter of 26 mm and below should be used.
2 In the 1980s, the rare earth trichromatic phosphors were successfully developed, which is a significant improvement over the use of halophosphate phosphors for decades: the color rendering index of lamps has increased from 57 to 75 to 85; Significantly improved (about 15% to 30% higher) and longer life (about 50% increase), which is extremely important for implementing new standards, implementing green lighting projects, and improving lighting energy efficiency. Unfortunately, he still doesn't know much about its excellence, or thinks that its price is too expensive and he doesn't want to use it. It is argued that despite its high price, it is ultimately cost-effective due to its high quality and efficient performance.
3 Application of electronic technology: such as high-frequency lighting with fluorescent lamps, electronic ballasts, and development of new high-frequency electrodeless fluorescent lamps, electromagnetic induction fluorescent lamps, microwave sulfur lamps, etc., all bring new developments to improve light efficiency and improve service life. .
2) Comparison of technical and economic performance of straight tube fluorescent lamps
Four T8 straight tube fluorescent lamps, two kinds of halogen powder tubes (compared with different color temperatures) and two kinds of three primary color tubes (compared with different powers) were selected to compare their technical performance and economy. The calculation results are shown in Table 1.
According to the analysis in Table 1, the selection of T8 straight tube fluorescent lamps is proposed:
1The use of three primary color lamps has obvious advantages. In addition to good color rendering (Ra>80), the same 36W tube, low annual operating cost, and low initial construction fee, although its price is high, but due to high light efficiency The use of lamps and ballasts is less, and the money is saved enough to make up for the money spent on the lamps.
2 The intermediate color temperature (about 4000K) is better than the cold color temperature tube, and the halogen powder tube is more obvious, so the initial construction fee is reduced and the electricity cost is saved.
3 The same three primary color lamps, 36W than 18W initial construction fee and annual operating costs are lower, because the low power lamp is relatively low light efficiency. Therefore, the use of T8 lamps, for offices, classrooms, production workshops, etc., under the conditions of uniform illumination, 36W lamps should be used, and no small power tubes should be used, which saves energy and reduces initial construction costs.
Table 1 Comparison of main parameters and economic techniques of four T8 straight tube fluorescent lamps
The conditions for the preparation of this table (reference value):
a. Lamp price: 8 yuan for each halogen powder tube, 18 yuan for 36W three primary color tubes, 13 yuan for 18W three primary color tubes.
b. According to the double-tube lamps, including electronic ballasts and installation costs, each set of 300 yuan, 2 × 18W each set of 200 yuan.
c. Electricity price (including basic electricity bill): 0.6 yuan / kW?; h.
d. Annual utilization hours: 4000h.
e. Lamp and electronic ballast power: 36W for 36W and 19W for 18W.
(4) Economic and technical evaluation of the selection of light source
Generally speaking, high-quality and high-efficiency light sources are often expensive and even expensive. Designers or users are not willing to choose expensive ones, which hinders the promotion and application of high-efficiency energy-saving light sources, which is not conducive to improving energy efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce an economic evaluation method, which is described below.
1) Under the same conditions (same room, same illumination), when different light sources are selected, the initial construction fee and operation cost are calculated, as listed in Table 1. This method is relatively simple, but the two costs can not be added simply, because the initial construction fee is one-off, the operating fee is annual, and the initial construction fee is invested in construction, and the operating fee is paid monthly by month. Not equivalent.
2) Full-life comprehensive cost method: The TOC method (Total Owning Cost) is commonly used internationally, which is a comprehensive calculation of the initial construction fee and the operation fee, and the operating expenses incurred every year during the whole life period are discounted to the initial construction. The equivalent cost is then added to the initial construction fee, and the total cost is used to evaluate its economics. The TOC method is applied by the IEC287-3-2:1995 "Economic Optimization of Power Cable Sections" standard; the United States uses the TOC method to evaluate the economic benefits of transformers and has established industry standards.
4.2 Lamp selection
(1) Principles of selecting lamps:
1) Safety in use: protection against electric shock and fire, explosion and other environmental conditions;
2) Limit glare;
3) Improve energy efficiency: select lamps with high efficiency, light distribution and location conditions, and lamps with high lumen maintenance rate;
4) Reasonably consider the combination of functionality (good lighting effect), decorative (beautiful, coordinated), economic (cost-effective) and energy efficiency.
(2) Pay attention to the new requirements for visual protection against electric shock
The national standard "General Safety Requirements and Tests for Luminaires" (GB7000.1-2002) is equivalent to IEC60598-1:1999. There are four categories of standards for the protection against electric shock of lamps, namely Class O, Class I, Class II and Class III. The main features of its protection against electric shock are briefly described as follows:
Class O: rely solely on basic insulation.
Class I: Not only rely on basic insulation, but also additional safety measures, that is, the exposed conductive part is connected to the protective ground.
Class II: Not only basic insulation, but also additional safety measures such as double insulation and reinforced insulation.
Class III: The supply voltage is a safe extra low voltage (S EL V) and does not generate a voltage higher than SELV.
It can be seen that the safety of Class I, Class II and Class III lamps is relatively guaranteed, while Class O lamps have only basic insulation. Once the basic insulation fails, it can only rely on environmental conditions and easily lead to electric shock.
The IEC new standard IEC60598-1:2003 has removed Class O luminaires, only Class I, Class II and Class III luminaires, which is an important modification from a better guarantee of safety. To this end, China has also revised the GB7000.1 national standard immediately and has submitted it for approval. It is expected to be published in 2005, 2006 or 2007. At present, O-type lamps in China's lighting products account for a large proportion, and lighting manufacturers are faced with the task of lamp modification, and lighting designers and users are faced with how to choose the type of lamps, and how to implement safety measures to ensure protection against electric shock (described later) ).
(3) Pay attention to improving the efficiency and utilization coefficient of lamps
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of lighting energy conversion
In order to improve the energy efficiency of the lighting system, in addition to the selection of high-efficiency light sources, the lamps are also a part that cannot be ignored. From the perspective of the illumination energy conversion diagram (see Figure 1), the artificial illumination is converted from electric energy to the effective light received by the working surface. Through the two links of the light source and the lamp, there are three factors that determine the efficiency of energy conversion: one is the light source effect, and the other is the lamp. Efficiency, the third is from the effective luminous flux, the coefficient related to the room shape index, the indoor surface reflectance and the light distribution of the lamp. The latter two are combined to utilize the coefficient UF (UF=).
In order to improve the utilization factor UF, it is necessary to select a product with high lamp efficiency (ηL) and light distribution suitable for room shape conditions. Generally speaking, the room's room shape index (RI) is large, that is, large and low room, wide light distribution lamps should be used; and RI small, small and high rooms should use narrow light distribution lamps.
4.3 Ballast selection
Ballasts are an energy-consuming device that has a large impact on lighting quality and power quality, so attention should be paid.
(1) Selection requirements:
1) reliable operation and long service life;
2) low self-function;
3) The strobe is small and the noise is low;
4) The harmonic content is small, and the electromagnetic compatibility meets the requirements;
5) High cost performance.
(2) Types of ballasts: For decades, gas discharge lamps have been equipped with magnetic ballasts, which have better performance but higher power consumption. In order to reduce the function, two types of ballasts have been developed in the past twenty years: one is the energy-efficient magnetic ballast, which is the improvement of the original product materials and processes; the other is the electronic circuit made of semiconductor circuits. Ballast. Both have the advantage of saving energy, but there are still many other performance differences.
(3) Selection of straight tube fluorescent lamp ballast
Taking T8 type 36W as an example, the main performance comparisons of traditional inductive type, energy-saving inductive type and electronic type (also divided into H-class and L-class) are listed in Table 2.
According to the new national standard, traditional magnetic ballasts should not be used. Electronic or energy-saving inductors should be selected according to different conditions. Both have their own advantages. However, from the perspective of development, electronic ballasts have better energy efficiency and no stroboscopic. No noise, high power factor and other advantages for a wider range of applications. For the selection of electronic ballasts, it is advisable to use L-class products with low harmonic content, and to set specific limits for harmonic content, especially the third harmonic content.
Table 2 Comparison of performance of several types of ballasts for straight tube fluorescent lamps (T8, 36W as an example)
(4) Self-ballasted fluorescent lamps (compact) ballast selection: This lamp is equipped with a ballast, and low-power (<25W) lamps are mostly. At present, the vast majority of products in China are equipped with electronic ballasts, and there is almost no room for choice. However, it should be noted that since the GB17625.1-2003 standard has a wide harmonic limit for products below 25W (specified that the 3rd harmonic does not exceed 86%), be careful when selecting. If you really achieve such a large 3rd harmonic, when the amount of use is large, it will definitely cause great harm to the neutral line.
(5) Selection of metal halide lamps and high-pressure sodium lamp ballasts: These two lamps have also developed energy-saving inductors and electronic ballasts. Their performance comparison is similar to that of the straight tube fluorescent lamp ballasts, but some metal halide lamps Electronic ballasts are not high-frequency currents, and some have a frequency of only a few hundred hertz.
These two types of lamps generally have large power, and the electronic ballasts are difficult to manufacture. There is also a process of stable improvement. It is necessary to sum up experience in trial use. At present, energy-saving magnetic ballasts are mainly used.
5 Lighting distribution and control
This part is well known and only briefly describes the following three questions.
5.1 About the grounding of the luminaire
Regarding the grounding requirements of the luminaire, the design specification lacks clear provisions. Some specifications stipulate that the illuminator should be grounded when the height is less than 2.4m from the ground. In fact, most of the lamps are not grounded.
The grounding requirements of the luminaire shall be determined according to the classification of the ampere products against electric shock. Section 4.2 of this paper quotes the classification of GB7000.1-2002, and the latest standard of IEC60598-1:2003, after the cancellation of Class O lamps, only the new regulations for Class I, II, III lamps, the grounding requirements are as follows:
(1) The exposed conductive part of Class I luminaires shall be grounded: this is determined by the additional safety measures required for Class I luminaires; if not grounded, it is equivalent to returning to Class O luminaires, and safety is not guaranteed.
(2) Class II luminaires do not need to be grounded: because his additional safety measures are not grounded, but are secured by double or reinforced insulation.
(3) Class III luminaires are not allowed to be grounded: because they use safe extra low voltage (SELV), the low voltage should be isolated from the high voltage using an isolating transformer and should not be grounded.
After the implementation of the newly revised national standard GB7000.1-200X, the Class O lamps were removed from the legislation; most of the lamps used in practice were Class I, so they should be grounded. It is a big change to the design.
5.2 About the neutral line of the lighting distribution line
Most of the current use of gas discharge lamps, there are harmonic currents, especially with electronic ballasts, the harmonic content may be relatively large. In particular, the 3rd harmonic and the odd multiple harmonic current of 3 are superimposed on the neutral line, causing the current to increase a lot. The conductor cross section shall be calculated and selected in accordance with the method specified in the appendix of national standard GB16895.15-2002.
5.3 About lighting control
For ease of use, in order to save energy, attention should be paid to lighting control design. Not only focus on the big issues of automation systems, automatic control, but also focus on those small switches, the most common switches that are applied to almost every room. Lighting automation and manual switches should be designed as follows:
(1) Conducive to the use of natural light: such as offices, classrooms, production workshops, etc. Close to the window and away from the window group switch; corridors, stairwells, toilets, etc., according to the presence or absence of natural light or strong and weak group local switch or remote control.
(2) It is beneficial to automatically turn off the lights when no one is present: such as hotel rooms, residential stairwells, etc., when conditions permit, extend to the personal office.
(3) It is convenient to manage, centralized or automatic time switch lights: public buildings such as Houji, Houche, Shangtiao Stadium, Drama Show Hall, public places of office buildings and hotels.
(4) Large rooms should be able to group switch lights when working for some people or sections.
(5) It is beneficial to group switch lights according to the needs of work: for example, the lecture hall, multi-function hall, and electrified classroom should meet the requirements of dim or turn off the lights near the podium.
6 Strictly limit lighting power density (LPD) values ​​to improve lighting efficiency
6.1 Meaning
The new standard specifies the maximum LPD limit for the most commonly used, large-scale rooms or locations in seven types of buildings, and is issued as a mandatory provision (excluding residential LPD values) to improve energy efficiency and energy savings in the architectural lighting sector. It has great significance.
China's energy is insufficient, power supply is tight, and energy conservation is an important policy that must be resolutely implemented. In a few years, the power supply may be looser and even more surplus. At that time, energy conservation is still needed, because this is a long-term policy, and it is related to reducing the discharge of harmful substances and protecting the environment.
It has been proposed to specify the LPD limit, which makes the design more difficult and difficult to achieve in some places. This regulation requires limiting energy consumption, and it is sure to add some difficulties, but as long as we actively take measures to optimize the program, we can fully meet the specified requirements. It is difficult to achieve in certain places, and technical methods should be used to adjust the decoration requirements to obey the overall situation of energy conservation.
6.2 Calculation of LPD values
The LPD limit is the maximum allowable value of the lighting power density for a room or location. The actual calculated LPD value in the design should not exceed the standard value. The calculation formula is as follows:
W/m2(1)
Where P - the input power of a single source (including the matching ballast or transformer power consumption), W;
PL-- rated power of a single source, W;
PB-- power consumption of ballast (or transformer) for light source, W;
S -- the area of ​​the room or place, m2.
6.3 Design procedures and applications
When designing the lighting, the illuminance standard should be determined according to the conditions of use, room by room or place. The type and specification of the primary light source, lamp, ballast, and the average illuminance should be calculated to meet the specified illuminance standard value, and the calculated illuminance deviation should not exceed -10% or +10%; then calculate the LPD value according to formula (1), and compare with the specified LPD value (current value), which meets the requirements without exceeding the regulations. If the regulations are exceeded, the plan should be adjusted until the regulations are met.
Someone wants to reverse the above procedure, that is, without illuminance calculation, the specified LPD limit is taken as the installation power per unit area, and the number of light sources is calculated backwards. This is not correct. The result of this design is that although the LPD limit is met, I don't know what the illumination is. There are two extreme states: one is that the selected light source and other equipment are inefficient, the illumination is not up to standard, and even the difference is very far; the other is the selection of a very efficient light source and other equipment, the calculated illumination may exceed the standard value, It can even exceed 50% to 60%, which greatly wastes energy.
6.4 Measures to reduce LPD values ​​in the design
The calculation formula for quoting the average illuminance Eav is as follows:
(2)
Where N is the number of light sources;
Ф -- the rated luminous flux of a single source, lm;
UF -- utilization factor;
K -- maintenance factor;
S -- the area of ​​the room or place, m2.
The light effect ηs of the light source (including the ballast) is
(3)
Substituting equations (1) and (3) into equation (2), the transformation results in:
(4)
It can be clearly seen from equation (4) that the following measures should be taken to reduce the LPD value:
(1) The first thing is to improve the light efficiency ηs of the light source, including reducing the power consumption of the ballast.
(2) Another important measure is to increase the utilization factor UF, that is, to select high-efficiency lamps and light distribution for the room shape, and pay attention to reasonably improve the reflection ratio of the ceiling and walls of the room.
(3) Reasonably determine the illuminance standard value. In the design, the calculated illuminance should be controlled as much as possible in the standard value, not exceeding 110%.
As long as you carefully design and optimize the design plan, you can achieve the specified LPD indicators and make achievements for energy saving.
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