Abstract At present, there are many kinds of electricity price systems, but from the perspective of making full use of new energy sources, the time-of-use price shows more advantages than the ladder price. When the smart grid is implemented, the electricity price system can also be developed from real-time electricity prices to real-time electricity prices. This article describes the superiority of time-of-use price for new energy applications. At the same time, the prospects of the electricity market in the new era were introduced after the implementation of the time-shared price.
I. INTRODUCTION With the shortage of energy in the world, accompanied by the awareness of low-carbon, environmental protection and energy saving, the eyes of human exploration naturally seek new energy, especially renewable energy.
New energy is a renewable energy system that is systematically developed and used on the basis of new technologies. Solar energy, wind energy and other energy sources have long been used by our ancestors, but new energy utilization methods, especially after conversion to secondary energy such as electrical energy, are utilized. The way of energy is not done by our predecessors. Therefore, the new energy mentioned here, in addition to the requirements of renewable energy, also requires the development of systems based on new technologies.
The secondary energy that supports modern civilization is electricity. However, humans have not yet developed a practical and cost-effective way to directly store electric energy on a large scale. Therefore, other indirect energy storage methods have to be used. Although humans have made these efforts, there has been no fundamental change in the issue of the synchronization and balance of power generation and use of electricity in time. In other words, the amount of power generation changes with the change in the power load, so the power system cannot maintain stable power generation under ideal conditions. In addition to the human-controlled power generation methods, the instability, time, and seasonality of many renewable energy sources also pose new challenges to the way the power system operates.
How to use these renewable energy sources in power systems, people tend to be technical solutions. But taking into account the commercial nature of electricity, from the perspective of commodities and the establishment of an electricity market that is compatible with the rules of the market economy, the government’s electricity price policy and the diversification of electricity trading methods can effectively solve many technically difficult problems. problem.
II. Bottlenecks in Using New Energy in Power Systems There are many new sources of energy used in power systems, but wind power and solar energy are widely used. Due to the non-pollution of wind energy and solar energy in the power generation process and good environmental adaptability, people have received more attention. However, the temporal fluctuations of wind energy and solar energy, and seasonal changes, are problems that make the power system puzzled. The power system's synchronization of power generation and power usage and the fact that it is not easy to economically store large amounts of electricity give the power system its own stability, and has to use other conventional power generation plants as rotating backup for wind and solar energy, which in turn reduces The operating economy of these power plants. Therefore, how to resolve this contradiction naturally becomes a key issue in the use of wind energy and solar energy.
The idea of ​​engineers and technicians is more to solve the problem from the technical level, but from the perspective of the government, it should be solved from the perspective of social management. The government has more advantages than adopting engineering methods to solve problems when it takes measures to solve this problem. First of all, the government can use the electricity price policy to regulate and control, implement the time-of-use price, and use different time rates to charge different prices. The purpose of the implementation of time-sharing electricity prices is to use the role of economic leverage, allowing users to more rationally adjust the time and demand for their electricity demand from an economic point of view, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the load rate and prompting users to increase the efficiency of electricity consumption.
III. Problems existing in the use of ladder electricity prices in new energy applications According to the plan, although China's current ladder price to guide the people to reduce the overall electricity consumption can play a role in saving electricity, it cannot serve as a guide for ordinary people to consider the characteristics of new energy sources. , Reasonably use the role of energy. Because from the perspective of ordinary people, more consideration is to consider the issue from the perspective of saving electricity. If the ladder price is used, it will consider how to reduce the total amount of electricity, instead of considering the period of electricity consumption because of the electricity period. The difference does not reflect the ladder price. In this way, according to people's living habits, electricity consumption during the day will naturally increase. When it is hot during the day, it will naturally start air conditioning, and will not consider the issue of using air conditioners with peaks. There is no market for air conditioners that can shift peaks, electric water heaters that are used in the peak shift, and simple energy-saving appliances will become hot commodities. However, such a simple reduction in total electricity consumption does not take into account the electricity consumption mode during peak-to-peak hours, which will increase the peak-to-valley difference in electricity usage. In order to solve the peak-to-valley difference in power usage, power generation equipment must frequently regulate power generation output and cannot operate smoothly. Frequent adjustments to the power output of the generator also cause significant energy waste. In particular, in order to ensure the full use of the power of the nuclear power unit and radial-flow hydropower station, the thermal power unit must adjust the output frequently, which seriously affects the economic efficiency of the thermal power unit. For the use of green energy, such as day and night wind power, it is even more important to consider daylight use. Wind power even has anti-load characteristics, which is the opposite of the load. It has the characteristics of small daytime wind and large wind at night. At present, we can see many wind farms have to abandon the phenomenon of electricity, this phenomenon is particularly serious at night. Not only can the ladder price not solve the above-mentioned irrational phenomena in the use of electricity, but it can also increase the peak-to-valley difference between daytime and nighttime. Although this reduces the total power consumption in the form, it actually causes a lot of energy waste, so it should not be promoted.
Especially after the introduction of plug-in electric vehicles into homes, if they still use ladder prices and do not guide people to charge at night, they will cause disastrous consequences of the power system. Fourth, the time-shared price to adapt to the application of new energy With the social changes, people are more rational thinking, time-shared electricity prices in the use of new energy shows a unique advantage. Time-of-use pricing is a method of setting different rates for different periods of the day. This method uses high electricity prices during the peak hours of electricity use and adopts low electricity price policies when electricity is used for low prices. Due to the use of market economy's price leverage, people are urged to consider the time factor when using electricity, rather than simply considering the total electricity consumption. Using time-of-use electricity prices can lead the people to take more time into consideration for the period of electricity use, so as to guide more rational use of energy, and play a role in real energy conservation and the full use of new energy sources. After adopting the time-of-use price, products that are not only energy-saving and energy-saving will be favored, and power tools with different peaks will also be widely developed and applied. For example, refrigerators and air conditioners that store cold energy at low electricity prices during low electricity prices will be widely used, and consumer products such as washing machines, electric pressure cookers, and soya-bean milk makers that will be automatically activated at night during night hours will be popularized. . We also noticed that in many places in foreign countries, the power supply bureau automatically starts the user's hot water system at night so that after the people get up the next morning, they can use hot water that is cheaper than burning gas for bathing and kitchen use. Therefore, the people's electricity habits will also be changed by the implementation of time-sharing electricity prices, and the electricity-consuming industry will also consider more use of electricity during the low-hour period. The implementation of time-shared electricity prices will make people realize that the use of energy-saving and green energy sources is not simply to save electricity and reduce the total amount of electricity, but to take into account the shifting of electricity consumption curve to fill the valley, so that the entire society in one day Equilibrium power consumption is the real energy conservation. From the government’s point of view, such time-shared electricity prices should be used to guide people’s energy conservation and rational use of the concept of new energy consumption, rather than simply directing a stepped price that reduces total energy consumption. It should be understood that the use of electricity generated by nighttime new energy sources can be reasonably used, and the use of primary energy such as natural gas can also be reduced.
V. Real-time electricity price is a new choice after the intelligentization of power grids. When the development of smart grids reaches an advanced stage, the electricity market can fully transition from time-of-use electricity prices to real-time electricity prices. Time-of-use price is a method of dividing the 24 hours a day into several periods and using different rates according to different periods. The real-time rate is based on the characteristics that the energy is not easily stored, and the method of determining the price of electricity based on the balance between electricity generation and electricity consumption at a certain moment. For example, at a certain moment, due to strong winds, wind farms in the power system have greater output. Then, the price of electricity is adjusted down in real time, which leads to a large number of people using electricity. However, the price of electricity is raised when the peak hours of electricity usage or when power supply is tight. Use real-time changes in electricity prices to adjust supply and demand in the electricity market. The use of real-time electricity prices has the following advantages:
1. It can adjust the supply and demand relationship in real time based on the status of power supply and power usage.
2. Encourage people to spontaneously store electrical energy.
3. The power system can reduce investment in generating equipment for peak loads.
4. Improve the disaster prevention and resilience of the power system.
5. New energy can be fully and reasonably used.
6. Reduce power system rotation reserve capacity.
7. It is conducive to the formation of distributed generation grids.
8. Increase the people's investment channels.
9. Form the energy pattern of “storing electricity to the peopleâ€.
10. Form a power market that citizens can freely invest in relative to the stock market.
6. The power market that citizens can freely invest in relative to the stock market refers to the “power market that citizens can freely invest in relative to the stock market†referred to in the last point. It means that after the smart grid is formed, the power grid will be a two-way power grid. The people can purchase electricity from the grid, and they can also sell electricity to the grid. From the current monotonous pattern of generating electricity for power generation by the power plant, the public can use the two-way grid structure that can freely purchase electricity from the grid and sell electricity. Such a power grid structure is a distributed power generation system in the true sense with respect to the current power grid structure and the current distributed power generation in general. In such a power grid, in conjunction with the implementation of market-based real-time electricity prices, the public will have more incentives to invest in new energy-generating power generation equipment, such as solar panels installed on the roof or as a wall covering as a power generation system. Solar water heaters will be replaced by solar panels. Investors can invest in home-use power storage systems, or use home electric vehicles as power storage systems for the storage of cheap electricity at night, and investment forms that sell electricity to the grid at high electricity prices during peak hours during the daytime. This type of investment relative to the current "stocks" investment in new energy generation and energy storage, and the use of "speculation" like "stocks" form will be implemented after the implementation of the time-sharing price or real-time electricity prices.
New energy sources will be widely used after real-time electricity prices are implemented and distributed generation systems are built. At the same time, the market economy is used to encourage people to participate in the operation of the electricity market. This will bring the following benefits to the power system, which will be conducive to the effective use of new energy:
1. When there is a power shortage in the power system, the private power generation equipment can be encouraged to be put into operation by increasing the real-time electricity price, so that the standby capacity of the power system can be reduced and the investment in the power system power generation equipment can be reduced.
2. Since there is no geographical restriction on new energy sources, the widespread use of new energy and the formation of distributed generation systems will reduce the remote transmission of electricity, reduce the transmission loss of electricity, and at the same time reduce the investment cost of grid construction.
3. As the use of real-time electricity prices to increase people's enthusiasm for electricity storage and power generation, the peak-to-valley difference in power load in the power system will be reduced, so that the power generation equipment can operate under a stable power generation output, reducing the frequent adjustment caused by the power generation output Energy consumption of power generation equipment, boilers and steam turbines, etc.
The extensive use of new energy sources and the new electricity market operation model adapted to new energy will greatly change the operating mode of the power system. For this purpose, the government must adopt a corresponding electricity pricing policy. The author believes that in order to achieve the purpose of rational utilization of new energy, the time-of-use price should be used, and in the future, according to the completion of the smart grid, the transition to real-time electricity prices should be followed. It is not appropriate to promote energy-saving forms. Actually, it does not save energy, and it cannot fully utilize the ladder price of new energy. The ladder price can only be used under certain conditions and with the time-shared price.
I. INTRODUCTION With the shortage of energy in the world, accompanied by the awareness of low-carbon, environmental protection and energy saving, the eyes of human exploration naturally seek new energy, especially renewable energy.
New energy is a renewable energy system that is systematically developed and used on the basis of new technologies. Solar energy, wind energy and other energy sources have long been used by our ancestors, but new energy utilization methods, especially after conversion to secondary energy such as electrical energy, are utilized. The way of energy is not done by our predecessors. Therefore, the new energy mentioned here, in addition to the requirements of renewable energy, also requires the development of systems based on new technologies.
The secondary energy that supports modern civilization is electricity. However, humans have not yet developed a practical and cost-effective way to directly store electric energy on a large scale. Therefore, other indirect energy storage methods have to be used. Although humans have made these efforts, there has been no fundamental change in the issue of the synchronization and balance of power generation and use of electricity in time. In other words, the amount of power generation changes with the change in the power load, so the power system cannot maintain stable power generation under ideal conditions. In addition to the human-controlled power generation methods, the instability, time, and seasonality of many renewable energy sources also pose new challenges to the way the power system operates.
How to use these renewable energy sources in power systems, people tend to be technical solutions. But taking into account the commercial nature of electricity, from the perspective of commodities and the establishment of an electricity market that is compatible with the rules of the market economy, the government’s electricity price policy and the diversification of electricity trading methods can effectively solve many technically difficult problems. problem.
II. Bottlenecks in Using New Energy in Power Systems There are many new sources of energy used in power systems, but wind power and solar energy are widely used. Due to the non-pollution of wind energy and solar energy in the power generation process and good environmental adaptability, people have received more attention. However, the temporal fluctuations of wind energy and solar energy, and seasonal changes, are problems that make the power system puzzled. The power system's synchronization of power generation and power usage and the fact that it is not easy to economically store large amounts of electricity give the power system its own stability, and has to use other conventional power generation plants as rotating backup for wind and solar energy, which in turn reduces The operating economy of these power plants. Therefore, how to resolve this contradiction naturally becomes a key issue in the use of wind energy and solar energy.
The idea of ​​engineers and technicians is more to solve the problem from the technical level, but from the perspective of the government, it should be solved from the perspective of social management. The government has more advantages than adopting engineering methods to solve problems when it takes measures to solve this problem. First of all, the government can use the electricity price policy to regulate and control, implement the time-of-use price, and use different time rates to charge different prices. The purpose of the implementation of time-sharing electricity prices is to use the role of economic leverage, allowing users to more rationally adjust the time and demand for their electricity demand from an economic point of view, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the load rate and prompting users to increase the efficiency of electricity consumption.
III. Problems existing in the use of ladder electricity prices in new energy applications According to the plan, although China's current ladder price to guide the people to reduce the overall electricity consumption can play a role in saving electricity, it cannot serve as a guide for ordinary people to consider the characteristics of new energy sources. , Reasonably use the role of energy. Because from the perspective of ordinary people, more consideration is to consider the issue from the perspective of saving electricity. If the ladder price is used, it will consider how to reduce the total amount of electricity, instead of considering the period of electricity consumption because of the electricity period. The difference does not reflect the ladder price. In this way, according to people's living habits, electricity consumption during the day will naturally increase. When it is hot during the day, it will naturally start air conditioning, and will not consider the issue of using air conditioners with peaks. There is no market for air conditioners that can shift peaks, electric water heaters that are used in the peak shift, and simple energy-saving appliances will become hot commodities. However, such a simple reduction in total electricity consumption does not take into account the electricity consumption mode during peak-to-peak hours, which will increase the peak-to-valley difference in electricity usage. In order to solve the peak-to-valley difference in power usage, power generation equipment must frequently regulate power generation output and cannot operate smoothly. Frequent adjustments to the power output of the generator also cause significant energy waste. In particular, in order to ensure the full use of the power of the nuclear power unit and radial-flow hydropower station, the thermal power unit must adjust the output frequently, which seriously affects the economic efficiency of the thermal power unit. For the use of green energy, such as day and night wind power, it is even more important to consider daylight use. Wind power even has anti-load characteristics, which is the opposite of the load. It has the characteristics of small daytime wind and large wind at night. At present, we can see many wind farms have to abandon the phenomenon of electricity, this phenomenon is particularly serious at night. Not only can the ladder price not solve the above-mentioned irrational phenomena in the use of electricity, but it can also increase the peak-to-valley difference between daytime and nighttime. Although this reduces the total power consumption in the form, it actually causes a lot of energy waste, so it should not be promoted.
Especially after the introduction of plug-in electric vehicles into homes, if they still use ladder prices and do not guide people to charge at night, they will cause disastrous consequences of the power system. Fourth, the time-shared price to adapt to the application of new energy With the social changes, people are more rational thinking, time-shared electricity prices in the use of new energy shows a unique advantage. Time-of-use pricing is a method of setting different rates for different periods of the day. This method uses high electricity prices during the peak hours of electricity use and adopts low electricity price policies when electricity is used for low prices. Due to the use of market economy's price leverage, people are urged to consider the time factor when using electricity, rather than simply considering the total electricity consumption. Using time-of-use electricity prices can lead the people to take more time into consideration for the period of electricity use, so as to guide more rational use of energy, and play a role in real energy conservation and the full use of new energy sources. After adopting the time-of-use price, products that are not only energy-saving and energy-saving will be favored, and power tools with different peaks will also be widely developed and applied. For example, refrigerators and air conditioners that store cold energy at low electricity prices during low electricity prices will be widely used, and consumer products such as washing machines, electric pressure cookers, and soya-bean milk makers that will be automatically activated at night during night hours will be popularized. . We also noticed that in many places in foreign countries, the power supply bureau automatically starts the user's hot water system at night so that after the people get up the next morning, they can use hot water that is cheaper than burning gas for bathing and kitchen use. Therefore, the people's electricity habits will also be changed by the implementation of time-sharing electricity prices, and the electricity-consuming industry will also consider more use of electricity during the low-hour period. The implementation of time-shared electricity prices will make people realize that the use of energy-saving and green energy sources is not simply to save electricity and reduce the total amount of electricity, but to take into account the shifting of electricity consumption curve to fill the valley, so that the entire society in one day Equilibrium power consumption is the real energy conservation. From the government’s point of view, such time-shared electricity prices should be used to guide people’s energy conservation and rational use of the concept of new energy consumption, rather than simply directing a stepped price that reduces total energy consumption. It should be understood that the use of electricity generated by nighttime new energy sources can be reasonably used, and the use of primary energy such as natural gas can also be reduced.
V. Real-time electricity price is a new choice after the intelligentization of power grids. When the development of smart grids reaches an advanced stage, the electricity market can fully transition from time-of-use electricity prices to real-time electricity prices. Time-of-use price is a method of dividing the 24 hours a day into several periods and using different rates according to different periods. The real-time rate is based on the characteristics that the energy is not easily stored, and the method of determining the price of electricity based on the balance between electricity generation and electricity consumption at a certain moment. For example, at a certain moment, due to strong winds, wind farms in the power system have greater output. Then, the price of electricity is adjusted down in real time, which leads to a large number of people using electricity. However, the price of electricity is raised when the peak hours of electricity usage or when power supply is tight. Use real-time changes in electricity prices to adjust supply and demand in the electricity market. The use of real-time electricity prices has the following advantages:
1. It can adjust the supply and demand relationship in real time based on the status of power supply and power usage.
2. Encourage people to spontaneously store electrical energy.
3. The power system can reduce investment in generating equipment for peak loads.
4. Improve the disaster prevention and resilience of the power system.
5. New energy can be fully and reasonably used.
6. Reduce power system rotation reserve capacity.
7. It is conducive to the formation of distributed generation grids.
8. Increase the people's investment channels.
9. Form the energy pattern of “storing electricity to the peopleâ€.
10. Form a power market that citizens can freely invest in relative to the stock market.
6. The power market that citizens can freely invest in relative to the stock market refers to the “power market that citizens can freely invest in relative to the stock market†referred to in the last point. It means that after the smart grid is formed, the power grid will be a two-way power grid. The people can purchase electricity from the grid, and they can also sell electricity to the grid. From the current monotonous pattern of generating electricity for power generation by the power plant, the public can use the two-way grid structure that can freely purchase electricity from the grid and sell electricity. Such a power grid structure is a distributed power generation system in the true sense with respect to the current power grid structure and the current distributed power generation in general. In such a power grid, in conjunction with the implementation of market-based real-time electricity prices, the public will have more incentives to invest in new energy-generating power generation equipment, such as solar panels installed on the roof or as a wall covering as a power generation system. Solar water heaters will be replaced by solar panels. Investors can invest in home-use power storage systems, or use home electric vehicles as power storage systems for the storage of cheap electricity at night, and investment forms that sell electricity to the grid at high electricity prices during peak hours during the daytime. This type of investment relative to the current "stocks" investment in new energy generation and energy storage, and the use of "speculation" like "stocks" form will be implemented after the implementation of the time-sharing price or real-time electricity prices.
New energy sources will be widely used after real-time electricity prices are implemented and distributed generation systems are built. At the same time, the market economy is used to encourage people to participate in the operation of the electricity market. This will bring the following benefits to the power system, which will be conducive to the effective use of new energy:
1. When there is a power shortage in the power system, the private power generation equipment can be encouraged to be put into operation by increasing the real-time electricity price, so that the standby capacity of the power system can be reduced and the investment in the power system power generation equipment can be reduced.
2. Since there is no geographical restriction on new energy sources, the widespread use of new energy and the formation of distributed generation systems will reduce the remote transmission of electricity, reduce the transmission loss of electricity, and at the same time reduce the investment cost of grid construction.
3. As the use of real-time electricity prices to increase people's enthusiasm for electricity storage and power generation, the peak-to-valley difference in power load in the power system will be reduced, so that the power generation equipment can operate under a stable power generation output, reducing the frequent adjustment caused by the power generation output Energy consumption of power generation equipment, boilers and steam turbines, etc.
The extensive use of new energy sources and the new electricity market operation model adapted to new energy will greatly change the operating mode of the power system. For this purpose, the government must adopt a corresponding electricity pricing policy. The author believes that in order to achieve the purpose of rational utilization of new energy, the time-of-use price should be used, and in the future, according to the completion of the smart grid, the transition to real-time electricity prices should be followed. It is not appropriate to promote energy-saving forms. Actually, it does not save energy, and it cannot fully utilize the ladder price of new energy. The ladder price can only be used under certain conditions and with the time-shared price.
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