Radio Frequency IdenTIficaTIon (RFID) is an automatic identification technology that began to emerge in the 1990s. The technology is a non-contact automatic identification technology, the basic principle is to use the radio frequency signal and spatial coupling (inductive or electromagnetic coupling) transmission characteristics to achieve automatic identification of the identified object. Its core technologies include radio frequency, computer software and hardware, coding and chip processing technology, and many other modern high-tech technologies. It is a combination of various cross-sector science and technology. It is widely used in many fields such as industrial automation, commercial automation, modern service industry, transportation control management.
RFID, commonly known as "electronic tag", is a non-contact automatic identification technology that automatically recognizes the target object and acquires relevant data through radio frequency signals. The identification work does not require manual intervention. As a wireless version of the barcode, the RFID technology does not have a barcode. Waterproof, anti-magnetic, high temperature resistance, long service life, large reading distance, data on the label can be encrypted, storage data capacity is larger, storage information can be changed freely, and its application will bring revolutionary changes to the retail, logistics and other industries. .
Related technologies and application standards of RFID:Since the application of RFID involves many industries, its related standards are intertwined and very complicated. From the category, RFID standards can be divided into the following four categories: technical standards (such as RFID technology, IC card standards, etc.); data content and coding standards (such as coding formats, grammar standards, etc.); performance and conformance standards (such as test specifications) Etc); application standards (such as shipping labels, product packaging standards, etc.). Specifically, RFID-related standards cover electrical characteristics, communication frequencies, data formats and metadata, communication protocols, security, testing, applications, and more.
The international standardization bodies related to RFID technology and applications are: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Telecommunications Union (ITU), World Union Postal Union (UPU). In addition, other regional standardization bodies (such as EPC global, UID Center, CEN), national standardization bodies (such as BSI, ANSI, DIN) and industry alliances (such as ATA, AIAG, EIA) also develop RFID-related areas. , national, or industry alliance standards, and promoted to international standards through different channels.
At present, RFID has three main technical standards systems, which are headquartered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Auto-ID Center (Automatic Identification Center), Japan's Ubiquitous ID Center (Ubiquitous ID Center, UIC) and ISO standard system. .
EPC Global
EPC Global is a non-profit organization jointly established by the United States Uniform Code Association (UCC) and the International Article Numbering Association (EAN) in September 2003. Its predecessor was established on October 1, 1999 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. For-profit organization Auto-ID Center. With the mission of creating the Internet of Things, the Auto-ID Center works with a number of member companies to develop a unified open technology standard. It has more than 100 retail outlets in Europe and America, such as Wal-Mart Group and Tesco in the UK. It also provides technical research support from companies such as IBM, Microsoft, Philips and Auto-IDLab. At present, EPC Global has established branches in Canada, Japan, China and other countries, specializing in the allocation and management of EPC code segments in these countries, the formulation of EPC related technical standards, the promotion and popularization of EPC related technologies in the country, and the promotion and application. . The EPC Global "Internet of Things" architecture consists of EPC encoding, EPC tags and readers, EPC middleware, ONS servers and EPCIS servers.
EPC gives the item a unique electronic code, usually 64 or 96 bits long, or 256 bits. There are different encoding formats for different applications, mainly storing enterprise codes, commodity codes and serial numbers. The latest GEN2 standard EPC code is compatible with a variety of codes. The EPC middleware processes and corrects the read EPC code and then inputs it into the business system of the enterprise. It is compatible with readers of different manufacturers by defining a common interface (API) with the reader. The ONS server parses according to the EPC encoding and user requirements to determine which EPCIS server the information related to the EPC encoding is stored on. The EPCIS server stores and provides various information related to the EPC. This information is usually stored in PML format or in a relational database.
Ubiquitous ID
Japan's development in electronic tags began in the mid-1980s with the real-time embedded system TRON. T-Engine is the core architecture. Under the leadership of the T-Engine Forum, the ubiquitous ID Center was established in March 2003 and is supported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, as well as large companies, including Microsoft, Sony, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, NEC, and Toshiba. Sharp, Fujitsu, NTT DoCoMo, KDDI, J-Phone, Itochu, Dainippon, letterpress, Ricoh and other heavyweight companies. The ubiquitous identification technology architecture of the ubiquitous ID center consists of four parts: the ubiquitous identification code (uCode), the information system server, the ubiquitous communicator, and the ucode resolution server.
uCode uses 128-bit record information, provides 340 & TImes; 1036 code space, and can be further extended to 256, 384 or 512 bits in 128-bit units. uCode can accommodate the meta-encoding design of existing coding systems and is compatible with a variety of encodings, including JAN, UPC, ISBN, IPv6 addresses, and even phone numbers. uCode tags come in many forms, including bar codes, RF tags, smart cards, active chips, and more. The ubiquitous ID center classifies the labels and sets up nine different levels of certification.
The information system server stores and provides various information related to ucode.
The uCode resolution server determines on which information system server the information related to uCode is stored. The communication protocol of the uCode resolution server is uCodeRP and eTP, and eTP is an eTron (PKI)-based password authentication communication protocol. The ubiquitous communicator is mainly composed of an IC tag, a tag reader and a wireless wide area communication device, and is used to send the read uCode to the uCode parsing server and obtain relevant information from the information system server.
ISO standard system
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and other international standardization bodies such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are the main bodies of RFID international standards. Most RFID standards are developed by the Technical Committee (TC) or Sub-Technical Committee (SC) of ISO (or combined with IEC).
The RFID system is mainly composed of two parts: data acquisition and background application system. The standards that have been released or are currently being developed are mainly related to data collection. There are mainly air interfaces between electronic tags and readers, data exchange protocols between readers and computers, electronic tags and readers. Performance and conformance test specifications, as well as data content coding standards for electronic tags. The back-end application system does not currently form a formal international standard. Only a few industry alliances have formulated some specifications, and the current stage is still evolving.
Electronic product coding standard
RFID is a read-only or readable and writable data carrier. The most important data content carried by it is the unique identification number. Therefore, the unique identification system and its coding method and data format are an important part of China's electronic label standards. The unique identification number is widely used in national economic activities, such as China's citizen ID number, organization code, national product and service Unicode code, telephone number, vehicle identification code, international securities number, etc. Although a number of ministries and commissions in the country have carried out a series of related research work in the field of unique identification, compared with developed countries, China's unique identification system is generally in the initial stage of development and is gradually being improved.
1. Product electronic code EPC
EPC is a coding standard that is coordinated by EPC global organizations and applications. It can realize the unique effective identification of all physical objects (including retail goods, logistics units, containers, shipping packages, etc.). EPC consists of a version number plus a set of numbers consisting of domain name manager, object classification, and serial number. The version number of the EPC identifies the length or type of the EPC; the domain name manager is information describing the manufacturer associated with the EPC; the object classification records the exact type of information of the product; the serial number is used to uniquely identify the item.
EPC is compatible with the most successful commercial standard EAN.UCC global unified identification system. It is an important part of EAN.UCC system, and it is the continuation and expansion of EAN.UCC system. It is the core and key of EPC system.
2, EAN.UCC
Founded in 1977, EAN International Article Numbering Association is a non-profit international organization based on Belgian law and is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The purpose of EAN is to establish an internationally-recognized global cross-industry identification system and communication standard system for products, transportation units, assets, locations and services, namely the “Global Business Language – EAN.UCC Systemâ€. The predecessor of the International EAN is the European Articles Code Association, which is now responsible for the unified management and promotion of the EAN.UCC system except North America. At present, its members are distributed in more than 90 countries and regions. Around 900,000 companies and enterprises all over the world have joined the EAN.UCC system through coding organizations of countries or regions. In recent years, the International EAN has strengthened its cooperation with the United States Uniform Code Council (UCC), and has reached an EAN/UCC alliance agreement twice to jointly develop and manage the EAN.UCC system.
3. GB 18937 (NPC)
The mandatory national standard GB 18937 "National Product and Service Uniform Identification Code Compilation Rules" stipulates the scope of application, code structure and its manifestation of the National Product and Service Uniform Code (NPC), which was issued by the Standardization Administrative Department of the State Council in February 2003. It was promulgated on the 2nd and officially implemented on April 16, 2003. The national product and service unified code is a national product and service unified identification code compiled in accordance with the national standard requirements of the National Product and Service Uniform Identification Code Compilation Rules. It has been used in electronic equipment, food, building materials, automobiles, petrochemicals, agriculture, Professional services and other fields. According to the general law of assigning large number of coded objects at home and abroad, the national product and service unified code is designed according to the principle of full number, no longer than 14 digits, easy maintenance organization and management, and 13-digit digital ontology code. And a digital check code, wherein the ontology code uses a sequence sequential code or a sequential code.
Communication standard
The most popular wireless interface standard for RFID is the ISO/IEC 18000 series of protocols, covering communication frequencies from 125 kHz to 2.45 GHz. The reading distance ranges from a few centimeters to tens of meters, mainly passive tags but also for containers. Active tag.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is an RFID application technology that allows two close (near-contact) electronic devices to communicate at 13.56 MHz. The NFC Forum, founded by Nokia, Philips and Sony, drafted relevant communications and testing standards to allow consumer electronic devices, especially mobile phones, to communicate with other network products or computer peripherals. Data exchange. The standard is also compatible with ISO/IEC 14443 and ISO/IEC 15693 contactless IC cards. At present, there are already NFC-enabled mobile phones available, and you can use your mobile phone to read non-contact IC cards or electronic tags that are compatible with ISO/IEC 14443 Type A or Sony FeliCa.
Ultra Wide Band Wireless Technology (UWB) is a communication technology that transmits data directly at carrier frequency. The electronic tag with UWB as the RF communication interface can achieve precise positioning within half a meter. This precise positioning function facilitates the management of valuable instruments and equipment in hospitals, personnel in buildings or shopping malls, and even in Olympic venues. Wireless sensor networks are another extension of RFID technology. The object model and digital interface of sensor network technology have formed the industry alliance standard IEEE 1451. The standard is being further expanded to provide radio-based wireless sensor networks, and draft standard 1451.5 is under discussion. The recommendations will extend the existing ISO/IEC 18000 series of RFID standards, as well as ISO/IEC 15961, ISO/IEC 15862 reader data encoding content and interface protocols.
Frequency standard
There are various frequency bands for wireless communication between RFID tags and readers. Common operating frequencies are 135 kHz or less, 13.56 MHz, 860 to 928 MHz (UHF), 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz.
The operating frequency of the low-frequency system is generally lower than 30MHz. Typical operating frequencies are 125KHz, 225KHz, 13.56MHz, etc. The RFID systems for these frequency applications are generally supported by corresponding international standards. The basic characteristics are that the cost of the electronic tag is low, the amount of data stored in the tag is small, the reading distance is short (passive case, the typical reading distance is 10 cm), and the electronic tag has various shapes (card shape, ring shape, button shape). , pen shape), reading antenna is not strong.
High-frequency systems generally refer to operating frequencies above 400 MHz, and typical operating frequencies are 915 MHz, 2.45 gHz, 5.8 gHz, and so on. High frequency systems are also supported by numerous international standards in these bands. The basic feature is that the cost of the electronic tag and the reader is relatively high, the amount of data stored in the tag is large, and the reading distance is relatively long (up to several meters to ten meters). The high-speed motion performance of the object is good, the shape is generally card-shaped, and the reading antenna is And electronic tag antennas have strong directionality.
Various frequency bands have their technical characteristics and suitable application areas. The low-frequency system is the most widely used, but the communication speed is too slow, and the transmission distance is not long enough; the high-frequency system has a long communication distance, but the power consumption is also large. Short-range RF cards can replace bar codes in certain environments and track objects in factories and other places. Long-distance products are mostly used in transportation systems, and can be up to several tens of meters in distance. They can be used for automatic charging or identification of vehicle identity.
Application standard
RFID application standards in the industry include animal identification, road traffic, container identification, product packaging, and automatic identification.
The development and promotion of RFID standards in China The standardization research work of domestic RFID technology and application started 4 to 5 years later than the international one. In February 2003, the National Standardization Committee promulgated the mandatory standard "National Product and Service Uniform Code Encoding Rules". China has implemented the electronic labeling management of products and laid the foundation for the implementation of pharmaceuticals, tobacco anti-counterfeiting and government procurement projects. In addition, the technical standards in the field of RFID that China is developing are based on the ISO/IEC 15693 series of standards, which correspond to ISO/IEC 18000-3 and operate at a frequency of 13.56 MHz. The former is packaged in the form of a card. At present, the electronic tag technology working at this frequency is relatively mature.
Under the premise of fully taking care of China's national conditions and taking advantage of China's national conditions, we should refer to or reference international standards such as ISO, IEC, ITU, etc. and make localization changes, so as to avoid intellectual property disputes and master the development of the country in the field of electronic labeling. right.
The wide application of RFID contains huge industrial interests, as well as national security interests and information control interests. At this point, the government authorities in China should pay close attention to it. China should fully deploy the electronic label standard system, especially the coding system, frequency division and technology and application related to intellectual property rights, and introduce standards with independent intellectual property rights in China, especially in applications such as security, anti-counterfeiting, identification, management, etc. field.
RFID interface protocol:Air interface
The air interface communication protocol regulates the information exchange between the reader and the electronic tag, and the purpose is to produce interconnection and interoperability between devices for different manufacturers. ISO/IEC develops air interface protocols for five frequency bands. This idea fully reflects the relative unity of standards. One standard is a common requirement for a wide range of application systems, but not all application systems. A set of standards can satisfy more. A wide range of application needs.
ISO/IEC 18000-1 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification - Reference Structure and Standardized Parameter Definition Based on Item Management. It regulates the communication parameter list of readers and tags and the basic rules of intellectual property that are commonly observed in the air interface communication protocol. Thus, the standard corresponding to each frequency band does not need to be repeated for the same content.
ISO/IEC 18000-2 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Item Management - Applicable to intermediate frequency 125 ~ 134KHz, specifies the physical interface for communication between the tag and the reader, the reader should have Type A (FDX) and Type B (HDX) tag communication capabilities; provisions for protocols and instructions plus anti-collision methods for multi-tag communication.
ISO/IEC 18000-3 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Item Management - Applicable to the high frequency band 13.56MHz, which specifies the physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag plus the anti-collision method. The anti-collision protocol can be divided into two modes, and the mode 1 is further divided into a basic type and two extended types of protocols (no time slot non-terminating multi-transponder protocol and time slot termination adaptive polling multi-transponder reading protocol) . Mode 2 uses a time-frequency multiplexed FTDMA protocol with a total of 8 channels, which is suitable for the case of a large number of tags.
ISO/IEC 18000-4 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Item Management - Applicable to the microwave section 2.45 GHz, which specifies the physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag plus the anti-collision method. The standard includes two modes. Mode 1 is that the passive tag works by the reader first; mode 2 is the active tag, and the working mode is the tag first.
ISO/IEC 18000-6 Information Technology - Radio Frequency Identification Based on Single Product Management - Suitable for ultra-high frequency band 860 ~ 960MHz, specifies the physical interface, protocol and command between the reader and the tag plus anti-collision method. It contains interface protocols for TypeA, TypeB and TypeC passive tags, and the communication distance can be up to 10m. TypeC was drafted by EPCglobal and approved in July 2006. It has greatly improved in recognition speed, read/write speed, data capacity, collision avoidance, information security, frequency band adaptability, and anti-interference. The V4.0 draft was submitted in 2006 for the extension of features with auxiliary power and sensor electronic tags, including tag data storage and interactive commands. Active tags with batteries provide a wide range of readability and greater communication reliability, but they are larger and more expensive.
ISO/IEC 18000-7 is suitable for the ultra-high frequency band 433.92 MHz and is an active electronic tag. Specifies the physical interface, protocol, and command between the reader and the tag plus the anti-collision method. The active tag has a large reading range and is suitable for tracking large fixed assets.
Data standard
Data content standards primarily specify the representation of data in the various sections of the tag, reader to host (ie, middleware or application). Because of the limitation of labeling ability (storage capacity, communication ability), the data representation in each link must take full account of their respective characteristics and adopt different forms of expression. In addition, the host's access to the tag can be independent of the reader and air interface protocol, which means that the reader and air interface protocol is transparent to the application. The application interface of the RFID data protocol is based on ASN.1, which provides a set of command structures that are independent of the application, operating system, and programming language, and are independent of the tag reader and tag driver.
ISO/IEC 15961 specifies the interface between the reader and the application [3], focusing on the standard way of exchanging data between the application command and the data protocol processor, so that the application can read and write the electronic tag data. Modify, delete and other operational functions. The protocol also defines an error response message.
ISO/IEC 15962 specifies the encoding, compression, and logical memory mapping formats of data [3], plus how it makes sense to translate data in electronic tags into applications. The protocol provides a set of data compression mechanisms that take advantage of the limited data storage space in electronic tags plus the ability to communicate over the air.
ISO/IEC 24753 extends ISO/IEC 15962 data processing capabilities [3] for electronic tags with auxiliary power and sensor functions. After the sensor is added, the amount of data stored in the electronic tag plus the management task for the sensor is greatly increased. ISO/IEC 24753 specifies functions such as battery status monitoring, sensor setting and reset, and sensor processing. Figure 1 shows that ISO/IEC 24753, along with ISO/IEC 15962, regulates data processing and command interaction with auxiliary power and sensor function electronic tags. Their role makes ISO/IEC 15961 independent of electronic tags and air interface protocols.
ISO/IEC 15963 specifies the coding standard for unique identification of electronic tags [5], which is compatible with ISO/IEC 7816-6, ISO/TS 14816, EAN.UCC standard coding systems, INCITS 256 plus reservations for future expansion. Note that unlike the item code, the item code is the code for the item to which the tag is attached, and the standard identifies the tag itself.
Real-time location
Real-time location systems can improve the transparency of the supply chain [8], fleet management, logistics and fleet safety. RFID tags can be resolved short distance, especially indoor positioning objects, can make up for GPS and other positioning system is only applicable to a wide range of outdoor insufficient. GPS positioning, mobile location plus RFID short distance wireless communication means and the positioning means may be implemented together with tracking and monitoring of the position of the article. The standards are being developed:
The ISO/IEC 24730-1 Application Programming Interface API, which specifies the RTLS service functionality plus access methods, allows the application to easily access the RTLS system, which is independent of the RTLS low-level air interface protocol.
ISO/IEC 24730-2 applies to the 2450 MHz RTLS air interface protocol. It is a network location specification system using RTLS transmitter transmits a radio beacon, the beacon signal in accordance with the position of the receiver operator communication received several solutions. Many of the transmitter's parameters can be configured remotely in real time.
ISO/IEC 24730-3 applies to the 433MH RTLS air interface protocol. The content is similar to the second part.
Basic architecture
In 2006, ISO/IEC began to focus on the standardization of RFID application systems, and adjusted ISO/IEC 24752 to six parts and renamed it to ISO/IEC 24791. The purpose of the standard is to provide a framework for RFID applications, and to standardize data security and multiple interfaces to facilitate information sharing between RFID systems; so that applications no longer care about the differences between multiple devices and different types of devices. It is convenient for application design and development; it can support distributed coordinated control and centralized management of devices to optimize the performance of dense reader network. The main purpose of the standard is to solve the problem of sharing data between readers and applications, and the sharing of RFID data is becoming more and more important with the wide application of RFID technology.
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