Solar power generation is a device that directly converts solar energy into electrical energy using battery modules. Solar cells are solid devices that use the electronic properties of semiconductor materials to achieve PV conversion. In a large area without power grids, the device can easily realize the power supply for users' lighting and life. Some developed countries can also connect with regional power grids. Grid connection complements each other. At present, from the perspective of civilian use, the technology research in foreign countries is becoming mature and the industrialization is beginning to be "photovoltaic-building (lighting) integration" technology, and the domestic main research and production is suitable for small-scale solar power generation for home lighting in areas without electricity. system.
1 Principle of solar power generation
The solar power generation system mainly includes: solar cell components (arrays), controllers, storage batteries, inverters, and users, that is, lighting loads. Among them, solar cell components and storage batteries are power systems, controllers and inverters are control and protection systems, and loads are system terminals.
1.1 Solar power system
Solar cells and accumulators constitute the power unit of the system, so the performance of the accumulator directly affects the operating characteristics of the system.
(1) Battery unit:
Due to technical and material reasons, the amount of power generated by a single battery is very limited. The solar cell in practice is a battery system composed of a single battery connected in series and parallel, called a battery module (array). A single cell is a silicon crystal diode. According to the electronic characteristics of semiconductor materials, when sunlight shines on a PN junction composed of two different conductivity types of homogenous semiconductor materials, P-type and N-type, under certain conditions The solar radiation is absorbed by the semiconductor material, generating non-equilibrium carriers, ie electrons and holes, in the conduction and valence bands. Similar to the PN junction barrier region, there is a strong built-in electrostatic field, so it can form a current density J, a short circuit current Isc, and an open circuit voltage Uoc under illumination. If the electrodes are drawn on both sides of the built-in electric field and connected to the load, in theory, the loop formed by the PN junction, the connection circuit and the load, there will be a "photo-generated current" flowing, and the solar cell module will achieve the power P Output.
Theoretical research shows that the peak power Pk of the solar cell module is determined by the local average solar radiation intensity and the terminal electrical load (power demand).
(2) Electric energy storage unit:
The direct current generated by the solar cell first enters the storage battery, and the characteristics of the storage battery affect the working efficiency and characteristics of the system. The battery technology is very mature, but its capacity is affected by the terminal power demand and the sunshine time (generation time). Therefore, the watt-hour capacity and ampere-hour capacity of the battery are determined by the predetermined continuous non-sunshine time.
1.2 Controller
The main function of the controller is to keep the solar power generation system near the maximum power point of power generation to obtain the highest efficiency. The charging control usually uses the pulse width modulation technology, that is, the PWM control method, so that the entire system always operates in the area near the maximum power point Pm. Discharge control mainly refers to cutting off the switch when the battery is short of power and the system is faulty, such as when the battery is open or reversed. At present, Hitachi has developed a "sunflower" type controller that can track both the control point Pm and the sun movement parameters, which improves the efficiency of fixed battery components by about 50%.
1.3 DC-AC inverter:
The inverter can be divided into self-excited oscillation inverter and other-excited oscillation inverter according to the excitation method. The main function is to invert the direct current of the battery into alternating current. Through the full-bridge circuit, the SPWM processor is generally used to obtain sinusoidal AC power matching the lighting load frequency f, rated voltage UN, etc. for the end user of the system through modulation, filtering, boosting, etc.
2 Efficiency of solar power system
In a solar power generation system, the total efficiency of the system ηese is composed of the PV conversion rate of the battery module, the controller efficiency, the battery efficiency, the inverter efficiency, and the load efficiency. However, compared with solar cell technology, the technology and production level of the other units such as controllers, inverters and lighting loads are much more mature, and the current system conversion rate is only about 17%. Therefore, improving the conversion rate of battery modules and reducing the cost per unit of power are the focus and difficulty of the industrialization of solar power generation. Since the advent of solar cells, crystalline silicon has maintained its dominant position as the protagonist material. The current research on the conversion rate of silicon batteries mainly focuses on increasing the energy absorption surface, such as double-sided batteries, reducing reflection; using gettering technology to reduce the recombination of semiconductor materials; ultra-thin battery; improving the theory and establishing new models; Concentrating batteries, etc. The conversion efficiency of several solar cells is shown in Table 1.
Making full use of solar energy is one of the important contents of green lighting. The real green lighting at least also includes: the high efficiency, high stability, high efficiency and energy-saving green light source of the lighting system.
3.1 Power generation-architectural lighting integration
At present, it has successfully integrated solar modules and building components, such as solar roofs (tops), walls, doors and windows, etc., and has achieved "BIPV". In June 1997, the United States announced the "Solar Million Roof Plan", named after the president, to implement a solar power generation system for 1 million homes by 2010. Japan's "New Sunshine Project" has reduced the installed cost of photovoltaic building components to 170-210 yen / W by 2000, the annual output of solar cells has reached 10MW, and the battery cost has been reduced to 25-30 yen / W. On May 14, 1999, Germany built the world's first zero-emission solar cell module factory in only one year and two months, completely using renewable energy to provide electricity, and no CO2 was emitted during production. The south wall of the factory is a PV array glass curtain wall with a height of about 10m, including rooftop PV modules. The entire plant building is equipped with 575m2 of solar cell modules, which alone can provide more than one-third of the electricity for the building. The combination of the roof PV module shape, color, architectural style and building has achieved perfect coordination with the surrounding natural environment. The building has an additional capacity of about 45kW and is provided by a thermal power plant that uses rapeseed oil in its natural state as fuel. The CO2 produced when burning rapeseed oil is designed to be basically balanced with the CO2 required for the growth of rapeseed. BIPV also pays attention to the research of architectural decoration art. In the Czech Republic, the German WIP company and the Czech Republic cooperated to build the world's first colored PV curtain wall. India ’s West Bengal State installed a 12.5kW BIPV for 117 villagers on an electricity-free island. Domestic Changzhou Tianhe Aluminum Panel Curtain Wall Manufacturing Co., Ltd. has successfully developed a "solar house", which combines power generation, energy saving, environmental protection and value-added in one room, and successfully combines photovoltaic technology and building technology, called solar building system (SPBS) , SPBS has passed the expert demonstration on September 20, 2000. Recently, the first domestic solar-lighting integrated public toilet was built in Pudong, Shanghai. All electricity is provided by rooftop solar cells. This will effectively promote the process of industrialization and marketization of solar energy-saving buildings.
3.2 Research on green lighting sources
The optimized design of the green lighting system requires high light output at low energy consumption and extends the life of the lamp. Therefore, the design of the DC-AC inverter should obtain a reasonable filament warm-up time and the voltage and current waveforms of the excitation tube. There are four typical circuits for the excitation method of solar lighting sources currently under research and development: â‘ Self-excited push-pull oscillation circuit, which is preheated and started by a filament serial starter. The main parameters of the light source system are: input voltage DC = 12V, output light efficiency> 495Lm / branch, rated efficiency of lamp 9W, effective life 3200h, continuous opening times> 1000 times. â‘¡ Self-excited push-pull oscillation (simple) circuit. The main parameters of the light source system are: input voltage DC = 12V, lamp power 9W, output light effect 315Lm / branch, continuous startup times> 1500 times. â‘¢ Self-excited single-tube oscillating circuit, preheating start mode of filament series relay. â‘£ Self-excited single-tube oscillation (simple) circuit and other high-efficiency and energy-saving green light sources.
4 Conclusion
The issues of green energy and sustainable development are major issues facing mankind in this century. The development of new energy sources and the full and rational use of existing energy sources have received great attention from governments of various countries. As an inexhaustible and inexhaustible clean and environmentally friendly energy source, solar power generation will be developed as never before. With the deepening of the industrialization of solar energy and the development of technology, its efficiency and cost-effectiveness will be improved, it will be widely used in various fields including BIPV, and it will greatly promote the rapid development of China's "green lighting project" development of.
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